{"id":4965,"date":"2021-07-30T23:14:05","date_gmt":"2021-07-30T15:14:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/?p=4965"},"modified":"2021-12-20T23:23:54","modified_gmt":"2021-12-20T15:23:54","slug":"%e6%b7%ba%e8%ab%87jonathan-turley%e3%80%8canonymity-obscurity-and-technology-reconsidering-privacy-in-the-age-of-biometrics%e3%80%8d%e4%b8%80%e6%96%87","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/?p=4965","title":{"rendered":"\u6dfa\u8ac7Jonathan Turley\u300cAnonymity, Obscurity, and Technology: Reconsidering Privacy in the Age of Biometrics\u300d\u4e00\u6587"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone  wp-image-2848\" src=\"https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/iconfinder_User_4200482-300x300.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 20px) 100vw, 20px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/iconfinder_User_4200482-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/iconfinder_User_4200482-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/iconfinder_User_4200482-200x200.png 200w, https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/iconfinder_User_4200482-280x280.png 280w, https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/iconfinder_User_4200482.png 512w\" alt=\"\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" \/> <a href=\"https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/?page_id=1958\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u9867\u9577\u82b8<\/a><br \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone  wp-image-2850\" src=\"https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/iconfinder_calendar-month-day-booking-date_3209363-300x300.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 20px) 100vw, 20px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/iconfinder_calendar-month-day-booking-date_3209363-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/iconfinder_calendar-month-day-booking-date_3209363-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/iconfinder_calendar-month-day-booking-date_3209363-200x200.png 200w, https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/iconfinder_calendar-month-day-booking-date_3209363-280x280.png 280w, https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/iconfinder_calendar-month-day-booking-date_3209363.png 512w\" alt=\"\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" \/> 2021\u5e7407\u670830\u65e5<\/p>\n\n\n<p>Turley\u65bc\u672c\u6587\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u6280\u8853\uff08biometric technology\uff09\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u5f37\u8feb\u900f\u660e\u6280\u8853\uff08transparency-forcing technology\uff09\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7121\u6642\u7121\u523b\u7684\u8b58\u5225\u500b\u4eba\u4e26\u4e14\u8ffd\u8e64\u500b\u4eba\u884c\u8e64\uff1b\u4f46\u7531\u65bc\u5176\u6240\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u4fbf\u5229\u6027\uff0c\u8b93\u516c\u90e8\u9580\u3001\u79c1\u90e8\u9580\u751a\u81f3\u500b\u5225\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\uff0c\u90fd\u81ea\u9858\u4f7f\u7528\u6b64\u985e\u6280\u8853\uff0c\u9032\u800c\u9020\u6210\u793e\u6703\u898f\u7bc4\u8207\u671f\u5f85\u7684\u6539\u8b8a\uff1b\u6b64\u4e00\u793e\u6703\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u6539\u8b8a\uff0c\u4f7f\u793e\u6703\u9032\u5165\u5230\u73bb\u7483\u9b5a\u7f38\uff08fishbowl\uff09\u7684\u5f8c\u96b1\u79c1\uff08post-privacy\uff09\u72c0\u614b\uff0c\u5373\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u53ef\u8b58\u5225\u4e4b\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u884c\u8e64\u900f\u660e\u3002Turley\u4e3b\u5f35\u61c9\u6709\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u96b1\u79c1\uff08biometric privacy\uff09\uff0c\u627f\u8a8d\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u6a21\u7cca\u6b0a\uff08right to obscurity\uff09\uff0c\u4fdd\u8b77\u500b\u4eba\u5728\u975e\u533f\u540d\uff08nonymous\uff09\u793e\u6703\u7684\u6a21\u7cca\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u969c\u500b\u4eba\u4e0d\u53d7\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u6280\u8853\u76e3\u8996\u6240\u9020\u6210\u4e4b\u970d\u6851\u6548\u61c9\uff08Hawthorne effect\uff09\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u78ba\u4fdd\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u500b\u4eba\u5f97\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u7d50\u793e\uff08freedom of association\uff09\u4e4b\u57fa\u790e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Turley\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u6280\u8853\u70ba\u8cc7\u8a0a\u79d1\u6280\u8207\u76e3\u8996\u6280\u8853\u7684\u7d50\u5408\uff0c\u5176\u5c08\u9580\u8a2d\u8a08\u70ba\u4f7f\u7528\u65bc\u516c\u5171\u5834\u6240\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u500b\u4eba\u516c\u958b\u4e4b\u8cc7\u8a0a\uff0c\u80fd\u5feb\u901f\u3001\u6e96\u78ba\u4e14\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u8b58\u5225\u500b\u4eba\u3002\u4f9d\u7167\u79d1\u6280\u7684\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u76e3\u8996\u6280\u8853\u53ef\u5206\u70ba\u7aca\u807d\uff08eavesdropping\uff09\u3001\u6514\u622a\uff08interception\uff09\u5230\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u4e09\u500b\u968e\u6bb5\u3002\u7aca\u807d\u6280\u8853\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u96b1\u79c1\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u5de5\u5177\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u8457\u91cd\u65bc\u653f\u5e9c\u53d6\u5f97\u8cc7\u8a0a\u4e4b\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u5426\u5408\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u8207\u500b\u4eba\u96b1\u79c1\u671f\u5f85\u76f8\u95dc\u3002\u6514\u622a\u6280\u8853\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5c0d\u96b1\u79c1\u6848\u4ef6\u4e4b\u5224\u6c7a\uff0c\u539f\u53d7\u9650\u65bc\u7279\u5b9a\u7269\u54c1\u6216\u7bc4\u570d\u4e4b\u903e\u8d8a\uff1b\u76f4\u5230Katz v. United States\u5224\u6c7a\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u61b2\u6cd5\u7b2c\u56db\u589e\u4fee\u689d\u6587\u6240\u4fdd\u8b77\u7684\u662f\u4eba\u6c11\u800c\u975e\u5730\u65b9\uff08the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places\uff09\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u96b1\u79c1\u6b0a\u4e4b\u7bc4\u570d\u9700\u5177\u5099\u5169\u500b\u8981\u4ef6\uff0c\u5373\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u500b\u4eba\u6709\u5be6\u969b\u4e3b\u89c0\u4e4b\u96b1\u79c1\u671f\u5f85\uff0c\u5176\u6b21\u8a72\u671f\u5f85\u70ba\u793e\u6703\u6240\u8a8d\u53ef\u7684\u5408\u7406\uff1b\u4f46Turley\u8aaa\u660e\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u96b1\u79c1\u4f9d\u820a\u9650\u65bc\u500b\u4eba\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4f46\u843d\u5165\u516c\u5171\u5834\u6240\uff0c\u500b\u4eba\u672a\u80fd\u6709\u96b1\u79c1\u671f\u5f85\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u800c\u5230\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u6280\u8853\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u6b64\u6642\u671f\u900f\u904e\u500b\u4eba\u81c9\u7d0b\uff08face print\uff09\u3001\u59ff\u52e2\u3001\u8679\u819c\u3001\u6572\u64ca\u6a21\u5f0f\uff08key stroke\uff09\u7b49\u7b49\u751f\u7269\u7279\u5fb5\uff0c\u9032\u884c\u500b\u4eba\u8b58\u5225\u3002Turley\u5f15\u8ff0NIST\uff08U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology\uff092019\u5e74\u8abf\u67e5\u5831\u544a\u7d50\u679c\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5e02\u9762FRT\uff08facial recognition technology\uff09\u7684\u78ba\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u57fa\u65bc\u500b\u4eba\u5e74\u9f61\u3001\u6027\u5225\u8207\u7a2e\u65cf\u4e4b\u4eba\u53e3\u5b78\u5dee\u7570\uff1b\u5118\u7ba1\u57fa\u65bcFRT\u7684\u4e0d\u6e96\u78ba\uff0c\u800c\u4f7f\u7f8e\u570b\u5404\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u5148\u5f8c\u7981\u6b62\u57f7\u6cd5\u55ae\u4f4d\u4f7f\u7528FRT\uff0c\u4f46Turley\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5176\u4e0d\u6e96\u78ba\u7684\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u6975\u4f4e\uff0c\u7d040.49%\u81f30.85%\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u7387\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u500b\u4eba\u800c\u8a00\uff0cFRT\u6975\u9ad8\u7684\u6e96\u78ba\u738799%\uff0c\u624d\u662f\u6211\u5011\u771f\u6b63\u9700\u8981\u5bb3\u6015\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u63a5\u8457\uff0cTurley\u5206\u6790\u8207\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u96b1\u79c1\u53caFRT\u76f8\u95dc\u4e4b\u4e09\u7a2e\u96b1\u79c1\u6848\u4ef6\u7684\u5206\u985e\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u516c\u5171\u8207\u79c1\u4eba\u52d5\u614b\u3001\u6c7a\u7b56\u8207\u8cc7\u8a0a\u52d5\u614b\u3001\u79c1\u4eba\u8207\u79d1\u6280\u52d5\u614b\u4e09\u985e\uff0c\u4f46Turley\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u9019\u4e09\u7a2e\u96b1\u79c1\u6848\u4ef6\u4e4b\u5206\u985e\uff0c\u5747\u672a\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u96b1\u79c1\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u5c31\u516c\u5171\u8207\u79c1\u4eba\u52d5\u614b\u4e4b\u5206\u6790\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u6280\u8853\u7684\u7279\u5fb5\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u65bc\u516c\u5171\u5834\u6240\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5728\u672a\u53d6\u5f97\u500b\u4eba\u540c\u610f\u4e0b\u7372\u5f97\u500b\u4eba\u8cc7\u8a0a\uff1b\u7136\u800c\uff0cTurley\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u65e9\u5df2\u5c07\u516c\u5171\u8207\u79c1\u4eba\u7a7a\u9593\u9032\u884c\u5340\u9694\uff0c\u7576\u500b\u4eba\u9032\u5165\u516c\u5171\u5834\u6240\u5373\u7b49\u540c\u65bc\u500b\u4eba\u540c\u610f\u88ab\u89c0\u5bdf\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1aCalifornia v. Ciraolo\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u61b2\u6cd5\u6240\u4fdd\u8b77\u4e4b\u96b1\u79c1\u5408\u7406\u671f\u5f85\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u53ef\u88ab\u89c0\u5bdf\u4e4b\u8655\uff1bDow Chemical Co. v. United States\u8aaa\u660e\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u3001\u5728\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3001\u4e14\u6709\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u822a\u7a7a\u651d\u50cf\u8a2d\u5099\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d6\u5f97\u8207\u8b66\u65b9\u76f8\u540c\u4e4b\u8cc7\u8a0a\uff0c\u8b66\u65b9\u4fbf\u4e0d\u9055\u6cd5\uff1b\u800cCalifornia v. Greenwood\u57fa\u65bc\u516c\u5171\u5834\u6240\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f15\u6613\u53d6\u5f97\u4e4b\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u8996\u540c\u63d0\u4f9b\u7d66\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5224\u5b9a\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u5783\u573e\u4e0d\u53d7\u96b1\u79c1\u6240\u4fdd\u8b77\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cTurley\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u6b64\u985e\u516c\u5171\u8207\u79c1\u4eba\u52d5\u614b\u96b1\u79c1\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u5c07\u6703\u5141\u8a31\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u6280\u8853\u4e4b\u5229\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u985e\u96b1\u79c1\u6848\u4ef6\u70ba\u6c7a\u7b56\u8207\u8cc7\u8a0a\u52d5\u614b\u3002Whalen v. Roe\u5224\u6c7a\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u96b1\u79c1\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u4fdd\u8b77\u5169\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u5176\u4e00\u70ba\u907f\u514d\u63ed\u9732\u500b\u4eba\u4e8b\u52d9\u4e4b\u500b\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u5176\u4e8c\u70ba\u500b\u4eba\u7368\u7acb\u505a\u51fa\u91cd\u8981\u6c7a\u7b56\u4e4b\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u4f46Turley\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u96b1\u79c1\u540c\u6642\u5305\u62ec\u9019\u5169\u985e\u96b1\u79c1\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u5373\u4fdd\u8b77\u500b\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u505a\u51fa\u95dc\u65bc\u5176\u500b\u4eba\u6216\u653f\u6cbb\u50f9\u503c\u6c7a\u7b56\u4e4b\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u6b64\u80fd\u529b\u9700\u4ee5\u4fdd\u6301\u67d0\u7a2e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e4b\u533f\u540d\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u4ee5\u9054\u6210\u500b\u4eba\u767c\u5c55\uff1b\u63db\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u96b1\u79c1\u9700\u8981\u4fdd\u8b77\u500b\u4eba\u79c1\u4eba\u7d50\u793e\u8207\u4e92\u52d5\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a\uff0c\u800c\u6b64\u70ba\u6a6b\u8de8\u61b2\u6cd5\u589e\u4fee\u689d\u6587\u7b2c\u4e00\u689d\u3001\u7b2c\u56db\u689d\u4ee5\u53ca\u4fb5\u6b0a\u6cd5\u4e4b\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6b64\u985e\u50b3\u7d71\u96b1\u79c1\u6848\u4ef6\u7684\u4e8c\u5206\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u96b1\u79c1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e09\u5247\u662f\u79c1\u4eba\u8207\u79d1\u6280\u52d5\u614b\u3002Kyllo v. United States\u4e00\u6848\u5224\u6c7a\u8b66\u65b9\u65bc\u4f4f\u5b85\u5916\u4f7f\u7528\u71b1\u50cf\u5100\uff08thermal imagery device\uff09\u6383\u63cf\u5c4b\u5167\uff0c\u57fa\u65bc\u4f4f\u5b85\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u7d30\u7bc0\u90fd\u662f\u79c1\u4eba\u7d30\u7bc0\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u71b1\u50cf\u5100\u975e\u666e\u904d\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u672c\u6848\u8b66\u65b9\u69cb\u6210\u61b2\u6cd5\u589e\u4fee\u689d\u6587\u7b2c\u56db\u689d\u4e4b\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u641c\u7d22\u3002\u4f46Turley\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6b64\u5206\u985e\u4e5f\u672a\u6709\u5c0d\u65bc\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u6280\u8853\u4e4b\u660e\u986f\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u56e0\u70baFRT\u4f7f\u7528\u65bc\u516c\u5171\u5834\u6240\uff0c\u800c\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u6280\u8853\u4e5f\u65e9\u5df2\u88ab\u666e\u904d\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u6b64\u5206\u985e\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c07\u6703\u61c9\u5141\u8a31\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u6280\u8853\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u3002\u4e0d\u904eTurley\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98Sotomayor\u5c0dUnited States v. Jones\u4e00\u6848\u7684\u898b\u89e3\uff0c\u6216\u53ef\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u6280\u8853\uff0c\u672c\u6848\u70ba\u8b66\u65b9\u9015\u81ea\u5ef6\u9577\u641c\u7d22\u4ee4\u8a31\u53ef\u8b66\u65b9\u53ef\u653e\u7f6eGPS\u65bc\u7576\u4e8b\u4eba\u8eca\u8f1b\u4e0a\u7684\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u800c\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98Sotomayor\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6b64\u505a\u6cd5\u5c07\u4f7f\u904e\u591a\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a\u88ab\u8b66\u65b9\u8490\u96c6\u4e26\u5132\u5b58\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u8b66\u65b9\u5077\u5077\u653e\u7f6eGPS\u5c07\u6703\u9020\u6210\u5176\u5f97\u4ee5\u898f\u907f\u6aa2\u67e5\u548c\u6feb\u7528\u6b0a\u529b\uff0c\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u82e5\u500b\u4eba\u77e5\u9053\u300c\u653f\u5e9c\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u770b\u300d\u5c07\u6703\u5c0d\u96c6\u6703\u81ea\u7531\u8207\u8868\u9054\u81ea\u7531\u9020\u6210\u5bd2\u87ec\u6548\u61c9\u3002Turley\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5bd2\u87ec\u6548\u61c9\u6240\u4fdd\u8b77\u4e4b\u5229\u76ca\u4e26\u975e\u50b3\u7d71\u96b1\u79c1\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u96b1\u79c1\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u800c\u6c11\u4e3b\u96b1\u79c1\u5229\u76ca\u6b63\u662f\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u6280\u8853\u5206\u6790\u4e0b\u7684\u91cd\u9ede\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Turley\u96a8\u5f8c\u91dd\u5c0d\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u96b1\u79c1\u61c9\u4ee5\u4f55\u7a2e\u96b1\u79c1\u6a21\u578b\u4f5c\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u9032\u884c\u63a2\u8a0e\u3002Turley\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u96b1\u79c1\u96d6\u70ba\u53d7\u7f8e\u570b\u61b2\u6cd5\u4fdd\u8b77\u4e4b\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u4f46\u537b\u5e38\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u5b9a\u7fa9\u4e0b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u5c31\u96b1\u79c1\u4f5c\u70ba\u898f\u7bc4\u6a21\u578b\uff08the normative model\uff09\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u96b1\u79c1\u5e38\u88ab\u5340\u5206\u70ba\u898f\u7bc4\u6027\u8207\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u7684\u96b1\u79c1\u6b0a\uff0c\u662f\u500b\u4eba\u81ea\u4e3b\u8207\u5c0a\u56b4\u7684\u672c\u8cea\uff0c\u5982\u7f8e\u570b\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u6cd5\u5b98Louis Brandeis\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u96b1\u79c1\u70ba\u4f7f\u5176\u7368\u8655\u4e4b\u6b0a\u5229\uff08the right to be let alone\uff09\uff0c\u627f\u8a8d\u4eba\u985e\u7cbe\u795e\u672c\u8cea\u3001\u60c5\u611f\u8207\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff1b\u6216\u5982Phyllis McGinley\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u96b1\u79c1\u70ba\u6587\u660e\u7684\u5962\u4f88\u54c1\uff0c\u500b\u4eba\u9700\u8db3\u4ee5\u8ca0\u64d4\u9078\u64c7\u64a4\u56de\u7368\u8655\u7684\u5962\u4f88\u3002\u4f46Turley\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u96b1\u79c1\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u898f\u7bc4\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u70ba\u4eba\u985e\u6210\u9577\u6240\u5fc5\u9808\uff0c\u4f46\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u6578\u5343\u5e74\u4f86\u537b\u9bae\u5c11\u6709\u4eba\u767c\u73fe\u7368\u8655\u7684\u6109\u6085\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u96b1\u79c1\u76f8\u8f03\u65bc\u5176\u4ed6\u500b\u4eba\u6b0a\u5229\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u76f8\u5c0d\u8f03\u8fd1\u671f\u624d\u88ab\u7f8e\u570b\u61b2\u6cd5\u6240\u4fdd\u969c\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\uff1b\u4e14\u5373\u4fbf\u96b1\u79c1\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u898f\u7bc4\u6027\u6216\u9053\u5fb7\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u537b\u672a\u80fd\u6210\u70ba\u6cd5\u9662\u5224\u6c7a\u7684\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5fc5\u9808\u8981\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u5404\u7a2e\u6b0a\u5229\u76f8\u6297\u8861\u3002\u5728\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u4e0b\uff0c\u96b1\u79c1\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u65bc\u4fb5\u72af\u96b1\u853d\u8655\u7684\u4fb5\u6b0a\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1Nader v. General Motors Corp.&nbsp;\u4e00\u6848\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u5373\u500b\u4eba\u4e0d\u56e0\u5728\u516c\u5171\u5834\u6240\u505a\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u60c5\u90fd\u4ee3\u8868\u70ba\u516c\u958b\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u6b64\u50c5\u5728\u8cc7\u8a0a\u70ba\u6a5f\u5bc6\u6027\u8cea\u4e14\u88ab\u544a\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u4fb5\u72af\u6642\uff0c\u624d\u9069\u7528\u3002Turley\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u6280\u8853\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u500b\u4eba\u81ea\u4e3b\uff0c\u56e0\u5176\u5728\u672a\u6709\u500b\u4eba\u540c\u610f\u4e0b\u4f7f\u7528\u751f\u7269\u7279\u5fb5\u8cc7\u6599\uff1b\u591a\u6578\u5f71\u50cf\u7686\u53ef\u7531\u7db2\u8def\u8207\u793e\u4ea4\u5a92\u9ad4\u4e0a\u627e\u5230\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u81ea\u9858\u63d0\u4f9b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cTurley\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u898f\u7bc4\u96b1\u79c1\u6a21\u578b\u4e0d\u9069\u5408\u4f5c\u70ba\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u96b1\u79c1\u4e4b\u57fa\u790e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7a2e\u70ba\u5211\u4e8b\u53f8\u6cd5\u6a21\u578b\uff08the criminal justice model\uff09\uff0c\u6b64\u4ee5\u5340\u5206\u500b\u4eba\u8207\u653f\u5e9c\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u4e26\u4ee5\u61b2\u6cd5\u7b2c\u56db\u589e\u4fee\u689d\u6587\u70ba\u6838\u5fc3\u3002Turley\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6b64\u589e\u4fee\u689d\u6587\u50c5\u91dd\u5c0d\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u82e5\u96b1\u79c1\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u6027\u8cea\uff0c\u5247\u61c9\u6709\u6bd4\u9650\u5236\u5211\u4e8b\u53f8\u6cd5\u66f4\u5ee3\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\uff1b\u4e26\u4e14\uff0c\u6b64\u70ba\u91dd\u5c0d\u7279\u5b9a\u8108\u7d61\u4e0b\u500b\u4eba\u4e0d\u53d7\u641c\u7d22\u8207\u6263\u62bc\u4e4b\u4fdd\u8b77\uff0c\u800c\u6b64\u4fdd\u8b77\u6703\u56e0\u70ba\u57fa\u65bc\u5408\u7406\u6839\u64da\uff08probable cause\uff09\u7684\u641c\u7d22\u4ee4\u800c\u55aa\u5931\u3002Turley\u66f4\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u7b2c\u56db\u589e\u4fee\u689d\u6587\u8457\u91cd\u65bc\u516c\u5171\u8207\u79c1\u4eba\u4e4b\u5283\u5206\uff0c\u4e00\u4f46\u8655\u5728\u516c\u5171\u5834\u6240\u96a8\u5373\u55aa\u5931\u4fdd\u8b77\uff0c\u5982Daniel Solove\u6240\u8ff0\u4e4b\u300c\u4fdd\u5bc6\u5178\u7bc4\u300d\uff08secrecy paradigm\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u88ab\u63ed\u9732\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u79d8\u5bc6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u5411\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u63ed\u9732\uff1b\u7531\u65bc\u6b64\u985e\u5340\u5225\u5c07\u4f7f\u8cc7\u8a0a\u6709\u4e00\u7279\u5b9a\u72c0\u614b\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u516c\u958b\u6216\u5b8c\u5168\u79c1\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\u8cc7\u8a0a\u7121\u6cd5\u4ee5\u6b64\u65b9\u5f0f\u5206\u985e\uff0c\u4e5f\u56e0\u6b64Turley\u8a8d\u70ba\u6b64\u6a21\u578b\u4e26\u4e0d\u9069\u7528\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u7a2e\u5247\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u6a21\u578b\uff08democratic model\uff09\uff0cTurley\u8a8d\u70ba\u5176\u53ef\u4f5c\u70ba\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u96b1\u79c1\u4e4b\u57fa\u790e\u3002\u5982\u540cRussell v. Gregoire\u4e00\u6848\u4e2d\u7b2c\u4e5d\u5de1\u8ff4\u6cd5\u9662\uff08the Ninth Circuit\uff09\u5c0d\u8cc7\u8a0a\u96b1\u79c1\u4e4b\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u96b1\u79c1\u76ee\u524d\u5c1a\u672a\u6709\u660e\u78ba\u8f2a\u5ed3\u6216\u5176\u6b0a\u5229\u4e4b\u4f86\u6e90\uff1b\u82e5\u5f9e\u50b3\u7d71\u96b1\u79c1\u89c0\u9ede\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u96b1\u79c1\u4e4b\u4fdd\u8b77\u5c07\u672a\u6709\u61b2\u6cd5\u4e4b\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u800c\u6703\u5b8c\u5168\u5f9e\u8a34\u8a1f\u4f86\uff1a\u56e0\u70ba\uff0c\u5c31\u96b1\u79c1\u671f\u5f85\u89c0\u9ede\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5f9e\u516c\u958b\u8655\u53d6\u5f97\u5f71\u50cf\u5b8c\u5168\u7b26\u5408\u61b2\u6cd5\u9650\u5236\uff1b\u800c\u4fdd\u8b77\u516c\u958b\u79fb\u52d5\u4e4b\u8cc7\u8a0a\u5247\u5fc5\u9808\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u516c\u5171\u5834\u6240\u96b1\u79c1\uff08privacy in public\uff09\u8ad6\u8b49\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f46\u6b64\u8ad6\u8b49\u65e9\u5df2\u88ab\u6cd5\u9662\u6240\u63a8\u7ffb\uff1b\u800c\u5c31\u903e\u8d8a\u96b1\u79c1\u4e4b\u89c0\u9ede\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u79d1\u6280\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u76f4\u63a5\u6216\u8fd1\u8ddd\u96e2\u63a5\u89f8\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u53d6\u5f97\u8cc7\u8a0a\uff1b\u5373\u4fbf\u61b2\u6cd5\u7b2c\u56db\u589e\u4fee\u689d\u6587\u4fdd\u8b77\u4eba\u6c11\u800c\u975e\u4fdd\u8b77\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u500b\u4eba\u5728\u516c\u5171\u5834\u6240\u537b\u5927\u91cf\u672a\u53d7\u5230\u4fdd\u8b77\uff0c\u800c\u6b64\u70ba\u653f\u6cbb\u96c6\u6703\u6642\u5e38\u8209\u884c\u4e4b\u8655\u3002\u5118\u7ba1Laird v. Tatum\u4e00\u6848\u5426\u6c7a\u8ecd\u65b9\u76e3\u8996\u5e02\u6c11\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3b\u52d5\u7684\u5bd2\u87ec\u6548\u61c9\u8db3\u4ee5\u4f5c\u70ba\u63d0\u544a\u4e4b\u5be6\u8cea\u50b7\u5bb3\uff08injury in fact\uff09\uff0c\u4f46Turley\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u5e38\u5141\u8a31\u653f\u5e9c\u6216\u79c1\u4eba\u884c\u70ba\u5c0d\u65bc\u6838\u5fc3\u61b2\u6cd5\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u5bd2\u87ec\u6548\u61c9\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u5224\u6c7a\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982New York Times Co. v. Sullivan\u9650\u5236\u653f\u5e9c\u5c0d\u5a92\u9ad4\u7684\u8ab9\u8b17\u544a\u8a34\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8b77\u61b2\u6cd5\u8ce6\u4e88\u4e4b\u5a92\u9ad4\u81ea\u7531\uff1b\u800c\u5982\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98Brennan\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u61b2\u6cd5\u8981\u6c42\u7d66\u4e88\u8a00\u8ad6\u4e0d\u53d7\u7d04\u675f\u3001\u7a69\u56fa\u4e14\u958b\u653e\u7684\u300c\u5598\u606f\u7a7a\u9593\u300d\uff08breathing space\uff09\uff0c\u6b64\u70ba\u69cb\u6210\u81ea\u7531\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u8b70\u984c\u6240\u5fc5\u9808\u3002Turley\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u6d88\u9664\u533f\u540d\uff0c\u6b64\u4e00\u4eba\u6c11\u53ef\u56e0\u4e0d\u540c\u56e0\u7d20\u81ea\u7531\u6703\u9762\u8207\u7d50\u793e\u7684\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u6280\u8853\u540c\u6a23\u4e5f\u6703\u5a01\u8105\u5230\u8a00\u8ad6\u81ea\u7531\u8207\u96b1\u79c1\u6b0a\u7684\u5598\u606f\u7a7a\u9593\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Turley\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u533f\u540d\u5c0d\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u5728\u65bc\uff0c\u500b\u4eba\u5c0d\u88ab\u89c0\u5bdf\u6216\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u89c0\u5bdf\u7684\u6050\u61fc\u5c07\u6703\u9020\u6210\u970d\u6851\u6548\u61c9\u7684\u7522\u751f\uff0c\u9032\u800c\u5f71\u97ff\u5230\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u4e14\u5373\u4fbf\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u6539\u8b8a\u518d\u5c0f\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u5c0d\u65bc\u793e\u6703\u8ac7\u8a71\u8207\u7d50\u793e\u6709\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u885d\u64ca\u3002\u50cf\u662fElizabeth Stoycheff\u7814\u7a76\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u7576NSA\uff08U.S. National Security Agency\uff09\u57282013\u5e74\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\u7db2\u8def\u76e3\u8996\u8a08\u756bPRISM\u88ab\u516c\u958b\u5f8c\uff0c\u96a8\u4e4b\u800c\u4f86\u7684\u662f\u9020\u6210\u500b\u4eba\u5728Facebook\u8207Wikipedia\u4e0a\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u51fa\u73fe\u986f\u8457\u7684\u6539\u8b8a\uff0c\u4e14\u6b64\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u6539\u8b8a\u6709\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u500b\u4eba\u8eab\u8655\u65bc\u591a\u6578\u6642\u8868\u9054\u8a00\u8ad6\uff0c\u8eab\u8655\u65bc\u5c11\u6578\u6642\u58d3\u6291\u8a00\u8ad6\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u533f\u540d\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0d\u4eba\u884c\u70ba\u6709\u8ca0\u9762\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u64fa\u812b\u8cac\u4efb\uff0c\u4f46Turley\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u6b0a\u5229\u90fd\u6709\u53d7\u5230\u6feb\u7528\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\uff1b\u800c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5247\u5e38\u8b66\u544a\u85c9\u7531\u8b93\u500b\u4eba\u66f4\u4e0d\u9858\u610f\u884c\u4f7f\u5176\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u884c\u52d5\u7684\u5bd2\u87ec\u6548\u61c9\u5982\u540c\u7981\u6b62\u81ea\u7531\u8868\u9054\u7684\u9644\u5e36\u6548\u61c9\u3002Turley\u66f4\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u79d1\u6280\u6240\u8981\u4fdd\u8b77\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u8655\u65bc\u8a00\u8ad6\u8207\u96b1\u79c1\u7684\u4ea4\u6703\uff0c\u5176\u70ba\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u96b1\u79c1\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5373\u96b1\u79c1\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u5177\u5099\u898f\u7bc4\u6027\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u4fdd\u8b77\u5176\u4ed6\u91cd\u8981\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Turley\u56e0\u6b64\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u533f\u540d\u61c9\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u53d7\u4fdd\u8b77\u4e4b\u6b0a\u5229\u3002\u8a00\u8ad6\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u96c6\u6703\u81ea\u7531\u8207\u96b1\u79c1\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e0d\u50c5\u56e0\u5176\u898f\u7bc4\u6027\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u800c\u66f4\u53ef\u4ee5\u5176\u5c0d\u653f\u6cbb\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8207\u8868\u9054\u4e4b\u91cd\u8981\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u4fdd\u8b77\uff1b\u800c\u5176\u4e2d\u8cab\u7a7f\u4e09\u8005\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u5373\u70ba\u533f\u540d\uff0c\u6b64\u70ba\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u6280\u8853\u6240\u9020\u6210\u4e4b\u6700\u5927\u5a01\u8105\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u65e9\u671f\u6cd5\u9662\u5c0d\u533f\u540d\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u8a8d\u53ef\u4e0d\u660e\uff0c\u4f46\u65bcNAACP v. Alabama ex rel.\u00a0\u4e00\u6848\u8a8d\u70ba\u5dde\u5f37\u8feb\u63ed\u9732\u5021\u8b70\u96c6\u6703\u7684\u6210\u54e1\u540d\u55ae\uff0c\u5c07\u5c0d\u81ea\u7531\u7d50\u793e\u9020\u6210\u7981\u6b62\u7684\u6548\u679c\uff1b\u800c\u5728Bates v. City of Little Rock\u4e00\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u66f4\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5c0d\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4fdd\u8b77\u4e0d\u50c5\u91dd\u5c0d\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u6b63\u9762\u653b\u64ca\uff0c\u9084\u5305\u62ec\u4f7f\u81ea\u7531\u4e0d\u88ab\u7d30\u5fae\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u4ecb\u5165\u800c\u6291\u6b62\uff0c\u672c\u6848\u4e2d\u8a31\u591a\u4eba\u5f9e\u7d50\u793e\u4e2d\u9000\u51fa\u6216\u62d2\u7d55\u52a0\u5165\uff0c\u4e0d\u50c5\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5bb3\u6015\u540d\u5b57\u88ab\u63ed\u9732\uff0c\u66f4\u56e0\u70ba\u5bb3\u6015\u5176\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u88ab\u653f\u5e9c\u6240\u8b58\u5225\u3002\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u6280\u8853\u5118\u7ba1\u4e26\u975e\u4e00\u767b\u9304\u8cc7\u6599\u7cfb\u7d71\u6216\u5217\u8868\u7cfb\u7d71\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u8981\u9032\u5165\u516c\u958b\u5834\u6240\uff0c\u500b\u4eba\u4fbf\u53d7\u5230\u8b58\u5225\uff0c\u5c07\u6703\u63d0\u4f9b\u524d\u8ff0\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u5f37\u8feb\u5e02\u6c11\u81ea\u8b49\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u3002McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission\u4e00\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u4fc4\u4ea5\u4fc4\u5dde\u5dde\u6cd5\u7981\u6b62\u6563\u4f48\u533f\u540d\u7af6\u9078\u6587\u5ba3\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u8a8d\u70ba\u5176\u9055\u53cd\u61b2\u6cd5\u7b2c\u4e00\u589e\u4fee\u689d\u6587\uff0c\u800c\u653f\u6cbb\u8a00\u8ad6\u70ba\u8a72\u589e\u4fee\u689d\u6587\u6240\u4fdd\u8b77\u4e4b\u6838\u5fc3\uff1bTurley\u8aaa\u660e\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u6280\u8853\u4e26\u975e\u5fc5\u7136\u6d89\u53ca\u672c\u6848\u4e2d\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3b\u52d5\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5c07\u6703\u6301\u7e8c\u8b58\u5225\u6240\u6709\u516c\u5171\u884c\u70ba\u8207\u7d50\u793e\u3002\u5c0d\u65bc\u533f\u540d\u53ef\u80fd\u9020\u6210\u6b3a\u9a19\u7b49\u8ca0\u9762\u6548\u679c\uff0cTurley\u5f15\u8ff0\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98Thomas\u5c0dMcIntyre\u4e00\u6848\u4e4b\u610f\u898b\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8d77\u8349\u7b2c\u4e00\u61b2\u6cd5\u589e\u4fee\u689d\u6587\u8005\uff08Framers\uff09\uff0c\u7576\u6642\u9078\u64c7\u4ee5\u533f\u540d\u65b9\u5f0f\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u4e0d\u80fd\u5fc5\u7136\u8b49\u660e\u5176\u7981\u6b62\u653f\u5e9c\u4e4b\u7279\u5b9a\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u986f\u793a\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u5f37\u8feb\u63ed\u9732\u6703\u9055\u53cd\u65b0\u805e\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5f9e\u53cd\u5c0d\u8981\u6c42\u533f\u540d\u4f5c\u8005\u63ed\u9732\u5176\u8eab\u4efd\u3002Turley\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u96b1\u79c1\u5c07\u9700\u8981\u5178\u7bc4\u4e4b\u8f49\u79fb\uff0c\u5f9e\u8a00\u8ad6\u81ea\u7531\u8207\u96b1\u79c1\u8f49\u5411\u5c0d\u65bc\u6c11\u4e3b\u50f9\u503c\u8207\u884c\u70ba\u4e4b\u7368\u7acb\u61b2\u6cd5\u6b0a\u5229\u3002\u81f3\u65bc\u8207\u533f\u540d\u76f8\u95dc\u7684United States v. Miller\u6848\u4e4b\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u8ad6\u8b49\uff08the third-party doctrine\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u81ea\u9858\u63d0\u4f9b\u7d66\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a\u4fbf\u7121\u5408\u7406\u96b1\u79c1\u671f\u5f85\uff0cTurley\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u6b64\u4e00\u8ad6\u8b49\u4e4b\u7f3a\u9ede\u65e9\u5df2\u986f\u73fe\u65bcSmith v. Maryland\u4e00\u6848\uff0c\u8a72\u6848\u5c07\u64a5\u96fb\u8a71\u5373\u7b49\u540c\u81ea\u9858\u63d0\u4f9b\u8cc7\u8a0a\u7d66\u96fb\u8a71\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u5df2\u7d93\u904e\u6642\uff0c\u4e14\u4e0d\u5229\u65bc\u7db2\u8def\u793e\u6703\u3002\u800cCarpenter v. United States\u8207\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u6280\u8853\u6700\u70ba\u76f8\u8fd1\uff0c\u8a72\u6848\u5224\u6c7a\u57f7\u6cd5\u55ae\u4f4d\u9700\u6709\u641c\u7d22\u4ee4\u4ee5\u53d6\u5f97\u500b\u4eba\u624b\u6a5f\u5730\u7406\u4f4d\u7f6e\u8cc7\u8a0a\uff1b\u4e26\u4e14\u5224\u6c7a\u66f4\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u500b\u4eba\u5c0d\u5176\u8eab\u9ad4\u79fb\u52d5\u6709\u5408\u7406\u96b1\u79c1\u671f\u5f85\uff0c\u5018\u82e5\u500b\u4eba\u5e0c\u671b\u4fdd\u6709\u96b1\u79c1\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u5728\u516c\u5171\u53ef\u63a5\u89f8\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5230\u61b2\u6cd5\u4fdd\u8b77\u3002\u4f46\uff0cTurley\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u672c\u6848\u78ba\u4fdd\u500b\u4eba\u5728\u516c\u5171\u5834\u6240\u6709\u67d0\u7a2e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u533f\u540d\u6216\u4e0d\u88ab\u8ffd\u8e64\uff0c\u4f46\u5c1a\u672a\u80fd\u78ba\u7acb\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u533f\u540d\u6b0a\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u8a72\u5224\u6c7a\u5df2\u7d93\u8aaa\u660e\u4e0d\u91dd\u5c0d\u4e00\u822c\u76e3\u8996\u6280\u8853\u8207\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Turley\u8a8d\u70ba\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u6280\u8853\u9020\u6210\u653f\u5e9c\u76e3\u8996\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u64f4\u5f35\uff0c\u6e1b\u5c11\u5e02\u6c11\u96b1\u79c1\u5408\u7406\u671f\u5f85\uff0c\u5f9e\u516c\u5171\u5834\u6240\u76f8\u5c0d\u533f\u540d\u5230\u73bb\u7483\u9b5a\u7f38\u793e\u6703\u7684\u6301\u7e8c\u8b58\u5225\u8207\u76e3\u8996\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u6280\u8853\u85c9\u7531\u6539\u8b8a\u5e02\u6c11\u671f\u5f85\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u76f4\u63a5\u6539\u8b8a\u5176\u8a00\u8ad6\u6216\u96b1\u79c1\uff0c\u6539\u8b8a\u4e86\u53d7\u4fdd\u8b77\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u8108\u7d61\uff1b\u7531\u65bc\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u6280\u8853\u5c0d\u65bc\u591a\u7a2e\u653f\u6cbb\u904e\u7a0b\u6b0a\u5229\u5f71\u97ff\u6975\u5927\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u61c9\u5c0d\u5176\u52a0\u4ee5\u898f\u7bc4\uff0c\u898f\u7bc4\u4e4b\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u65bc\u4fdd\u7559\u67d0\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u533f\u540d\u671f\u5f85\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fc3\u9032\u57fa\u672c\u8a00\u8ad6\u8207\u7d50\u793e\u4e4b\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u800c\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u6280\u8853\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u9084\u5305\u62ec\u7528\u4f86\u8b58\u5225\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\u9280\u884c\uff08databank\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7d9c\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0cTurley\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8003\u91cf\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u662f\u5728\u9010\u6f38\u900f\u660e\u7684\u73bb\u7483\u9b5a\u7f38\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u662f\u5426\u6709\u8fa6\u6cd5\u4fdd\u8b77\u6c11\u4e3b\u6d3b\u52d5\u4e0d\u53d7\u970d\u6851\u6548\u61c9\u4e4b\u5f71\u97ff\uff1f\u5c0d\u65bc\u50b3\u7d71\u96b1\u79c1\u3001\u533f\u540d\u8207\u6a21\u7cca\u4f55\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u70ba\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u96b1\u79c1\u6240\u8981\u4fdd\u8b77\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u4e4b\u57fa\u790e\uff0cTurley\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u96b1\u79c1\u8207\u50b3\u7d71\u96b1\u79c1\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u50b3\u7d71\u96b1\u79c1\u7684\u5177\u9ad4\u5316\u5728\u65bc\u500b\u4eba\u64a4\u56de\uff08withdraw\uff09\u6216\u5206\u96e2\uff08detachment\uff09\u4e4b\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u800c\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u6280\u8853\u5247\u662f\u7834\u58de\u5176\u500b\u4eba\u7d50\u5408\u6216\u53c3\u8207\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7576\u500b\u4eba\u5728\u516c\u5171\u5834\u6240\u6642\uff0c\u8207\u4e4b\u66f4\u70ba\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u70ba\u533f\u540d\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u79d1\u6280\u4fb5\u8755\u4e0b\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u96e3\u7dad\u6301\u533f\u540d\uff1b\u6545\uff0cTurley\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6a21\u7cca\u624d\u662f\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u6280\u8853\u4e0b\u6240\u61c9\u8003\u91cf\u7684\u91cd\u9ede\u3002Turley\u96a8\u5f8c\u4ee5\u96b1\u79c1\u7406\u8ad6\u3001\u61b2\u6cd5\u8207\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u3001\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u898f\u7bc4\u8a2d\u8a08\u4e09\u500b\u9762\u5411\uff0c\u8ad6\u8ff0\u5efa\u69cb\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u96b1\u79c1\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0cTurley\u5c31\u73fe\u6709\u96b1\u79c1\u7406\u8ad6\u8207\u5176\u4e3b\u5f35\u4e4b\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u96b1\u79c1\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u9032\u884c\u91d0\u6e05\u3002Judee Burgoon\u5c07\u96b1\u79c1\u5206\u70ba\u56db\u7a2e\u9762\u5411\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8cc7\u8a0a\u96b1\u79c1\uff08informational\uff09\u3001\u793e\u6703\uff08social\uff09\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\uff08psychological\uff09\u8207\u8eab\u9ad4\uff08physical\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u5fc3\u7406\u96b1\u79c1\u5141\u8a31\u601d\u60f3\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u8207\u751f\u7269\u8cc7\u8a0a\u6280\u8853\u6700\u70ba\u76f8\u95dc\u3002\u601d\u60f3\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u9054\u6210\u96d6\u50c5\u7531\u500b\u4eba\u601d\u8fa8\u9054\u6210\uff0c\u4f46\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5f62\u5851\u591a\u6578\u662f\u900f\u904e\u57fa\u65bc\u500b\u4eba\u5728\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u884c\u52d5\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u6a21\u7cca\u6027\u6240\u8ce6\u4e88\u4e4b\u63a2\u7d22\u3001\u7d50\u5408\u8207\u5be6\u9a57\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5373\uff0c\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u793e\u6703\u82e5\u8981\u4fdd\u6709\u6700\u5ee3\u7fa9\u7684\u96b1\u79c1\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u4fdd\u8b49\u500b\u4eba\u4e0d\u6703\u5728\u6c92\u6709\u6cd5\u9662\u547d\u4ee4\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u5f62\u5f0f\u4fdd\u8b77\u4e0b\uff0c\u88ab\u8b58\u5225\u8207\u8ffd\u8e64\u5176\u6bcf\u5929\u7684\u79fb\u52d5\u3002\u800cTurley\u6307\u51fa\uff0cJim Harper\u6240\u63d0\u4e4b\u5be6\u8cea\u6a21\u7cca\uff08practical obscurity\uff09\u5728\u751f\u7269\u8cc7\u8a0a\u6280\u8853\u8207\u516c\u958b\u8cc7\u6599\u5eab\u4e4b\u7d50\u5408\u4e0b\uff0c\u65e9\u5df2\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u50cfClearview AI\u900f\u904e\u64f4\u589e\u5be6\u5883\u773c\u93e1\u914d\u5408\u7db2\u8def\u641c\u7d22\u53ef\u53d6\u5f97\u4e4b\u516c\u958b\u8cc7\u6599\uff0c\u5f97\u4ee5\u8b58\u5225\u6bcf\u500b\u770b\u5230\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u800c\u533f\u540d\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u66f4\u986f\u793a\u51fa\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u3002Turley\u6307\u51fa\u5169\u8005\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u5728\u65bc\uff0c\u533f\u540d\u8457\u91cd\u65bc\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u8b58\u5225\uff0c\u800c\u6a21\u7cca\u5247\u662f\u5c0d\u5176\u4ed6\u53ef\u8b58\u5225\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u96b1\u85cf\uff0c\u5373\u89c0\u5bdf\u8005\u672a\u80fd\u6301\u6709\u6216\u7406\u89e3\u5c0d\u65bc\u78ba\u5b9a\u500b\u4eba\u8eab\u4efd\u4e4b\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a\u3002\u5982U.S. DOJ v. Reporter Committee for Freedom of the Press\u4e00\u6848\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u8a8d\u70ba\u5373\u4fbf\u67d0\u4e9b\u8cc7\u8a0a\u672a\u4f86\u6703\u88ab\u516c\u958b\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u4e0d\u516c\u958b\u6642\u6709\u5176\u96b1\u79c1\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u4e26\u5982\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98Rehnquist\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u4e00\u4e8b\u4ef6\u975e\u5b8c\u5168\u79c1\u5bc6\u4e26\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u500b\u4eba\u5728\u9650\u5236\u63ed\u9732\u4e0a\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u96b1\u79c1\u5229\u76ca\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8981\u80fd\u4fdd\u8b77\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u96b1\u79c1\uff0cTurley\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u8981\u6709\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u5373\u8a8d\u53ef\u6a21\u7cca\u8207\u533f\u540d\u70ba\u7368\u7acb\u53d7\u4fdd\u8b77\u4e4b\u5229\u76ca\uff1b\u800c\u533f\u540d\u6240\u8981\u9054\u6210\u7684\uff0cTurley\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u9060\u6bd4Woodrow Hartzog\u8207Frederic Stutzman\u6240\u5b9a\u7fa9\u7684\u6a21\u7cca\uff0c\u5373\u7f3a\u5c11\u63ed\u9732\u7684\u56db\u500b\u8981\u7d20\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u641c\u5c0b\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u672a\u4fdd\u8b77\u5b58\u53d6\u3001\u8b58\u5225\u8207\u6e05\u6670\u6027\uff0c\u66f4\u70ba\u5ee3\u6cdb\u3002Helen Nissenbaum\u60c5\u5883\u8108\u7d61\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\uff08contextual integrity\uff09\u7684\u96b1\u79c1\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u8cc7\u8a0a\u4f9d\u7167\u88ab\u63ed\u9732\u6216\u6301\u6709\u4e4b\u60c5\u5883\u8108\u7d61\u800c\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u4fdd\u8b77\uff0cTurley\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u96d6\u8207\u672c\u6587\u6240\u63a2\u7a76\u7684\u662f\u500b\u4eba\u5728\u516c\u5171\u5834\u6240\u79fb\u52d5\u6240\u9700\u4e4b\u76f8\u5c0d\u533f\u540d\u6216\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\u6574\u9ad4\u6027\uff0c\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a\u6d41\u4e4b\u898f\u7bc4\uff08norm of information flow\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u8a31\u53ef\u7528\u4ee5\u898f\u7bc4\u8cc7\u8a0a\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8b77\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u6280\u8853\u6240\u53d6\u5f97\u4e4b\u8cc7\u8a0a\u3002\u800cLior Strahilevitz\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u96b1\u79c1\u793e\u6703\u7db2\u7d61\u7406\u8ad6\uff08a Social Networks Theory of Privacy\uff09\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u4fb5\u6b0a\u884c\u70ba\u8ad6\u8ff0\u5c0d\u96b1\u79c1\u671f\u5f85\u4e4b\u4fdd\u8b77\u5e38\u4ee5\u63ed\u9732\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u5373\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u7406\u8ad6\u4e0a\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u3001\u4f46\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u767c\u751f\u6642\uff0c\u5247\u6b64\u5728\u96b1\u79c1\u4fb5\u6b0a\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u5224\u5b9a\u4e0a\u5e38\u6703\u8a8d\u70ba\u500b\u4eba\u662f\u4fdd\u6709\u96b1\u79c1\u671f\u5f85\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u5c0d\u8a72\u7406\u8ad6\u6253\u6298\u6263\uff1bTurley\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u96d6\u5176\u7406\u8ad6\u4e0d\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u672c\u6587\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u7406\u8ad6\u7a81\u986f\u51fa\u500b\u4eba\u5728\u516c\u5171\u5834\u6240\u4e2d\u79fb\u52d5\u53ef\u8ff7\u5931\u5728\u4eba\u7fa4\u4e2d\uff0c\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u8a8d\u70ba\u6c92\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u62fc\u6e4a\u51fa\u5176\u6bcf\u5929\u79fb\u52d5\u3001\u8868\u9054\u6216\u8a00\u8ad6\u7684\u671f\u5f85\uff0c\u6216\u53ef\u8a66\u5716\u8a2d\u8a08\u9810\u9632\u516c\u5171\u79fb\u52d5\u4e4b\u8cc7\u6599\u9ede\u88ab\u5408\u4f75\u5f62\u6210\u99ac\u8cfd\u514b\u6548\u679c\u4e4b\u7cfb\u7d71\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u70baTurley\u5206\u6790\u5982\u4f55\u900f\u904e\u61b2\u6cd5\u898f\u7bc4\u8207\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u96b1\u79c1\u9762\u5411\uff0c\u63a2\u8a0e\u5efa\u69cb\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u96b1\u79c1\u4e4b\u53ef\u80fd\u3002Turley\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4ee5\u6a21\u7cca\u9054\u6210\u533f\u540d\u9700\u4ef0\u8cf4\u8207\u500b\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u6709\u95dc\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u8cc7\u6599\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u4e0d\u540c\u8cc7\u6599\u5eab\u4e2d\uff0c\u9650\u5236\u5176\u7247\u6bb5\u8cc7\u8a0a\u7684\u7d50\u5408\u3002\u800c\u5728\u7db2\u8def\u6642\u4ee3\uff0c\u6bd4\u5c0d\u8207\u8cc7\u6599\u7684\u7d50\u5408\u5df2\u7d93\u4f7f\u6a21\u7cca\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002Turley\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5df2\u7d93\u9032\u5165\u5f8c\u96b1\u79c1\u6642\u4ee3\uff0c\u5373\u96b1\u79c1\u88ab\u5927\u91cf\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u7686\u7121\u6cd5\u6297\u62d2\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u800c\u78e8<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u640d\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u9650\u5236\u653f\u5e9c\u4f7f\u7528\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u8cc7\u8a0a\uff0c\u4f46\u6b64\u5927\u91cf\u589e\u9577\u7684\u5f37\u8feb\u900f\u660e\u6280\u8853\uff0c\u85c9\u7531\u4f7f\u5927\u773e\u56e0\u9700\u6c42\u4e26\u900f\u904e\u96d9\u65b9\u540c\u610f\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u653e\u68c4\u4e86\u96b1\u79c1\u3002\u6b64\u5f37\u8feb\u900f\u660e\u6280\u8853\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5a01\u8105\u4f86\u81ea\u65bc\u79c1\u4eba\u4f01\u696d\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u5bd2\u87ec\u6548\u61c9\u4e0d\u50c5\u4f86\u81ea\u65bc\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u4f86\u81ea\u79c1\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u5c0d\u65bc\u516c\u958b\u5f8c\u88ab\u9a37\u64fe\u6216\u5831\u5fa9\u7684\u6050\u61fc\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u8db3\u4ee5\u69cb\u6210\u4e0d\u516c\u958b\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u5247\u5fc5\u9808\u63d0\u51fa\u5176\u5408\u7406\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff08reasonable probability\uff09\u3002\u4f9dMonica Youn\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u653f\u5e9c\u884c\u70ba\u6240\u9020\u6210\u4e4b\u5bd2\u87ec\u6548\u61c9\u7684\u5f8c\u679c\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u79c1\u4eba\u4f01\u696d\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u6240\u9020\u6210\uff1bTurley\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u82e5\u6709\u653f\u5e9c\u9055\u53cd\u61b2\u6cd5\u539f\u5247\u800c\u88ab\u79c1\u4eba\u4f01\u696d\u4e4b\u5831\u5fa9\u6216\u9a37\u64fe\u800c\u653e\u5927\u7684\u5224\u6c7a\u5148\u4f8b\uff0c\u5247\u79c1\u4eba\u4f01\u696d\u5bd2\u87ec\u6548\u61c9\u4e4b\u8a34\u8a1f\u6848\u4ef6\u662f\u53ef\u884c\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u800cTurley\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u50b3\u7d71\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u70ba\u61b2\u6cd5\u8207\u5dde\u6cd5\u7684\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u5982David Strauss\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u5c0d\u5e73\u7b49\u4fdd\u8b77\u689d\u6b3e\uff08Equal Protection Clause\uff09\u7684\u8faf\u8ad6\u8a34\u8af8\u65bcBrown v. Board of Education\u539f\u5247\u8207\u5176\u5f8c\u4e4b\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u591a\u65bc\u8a72\u689d\u6b3e\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u53c8\u5982\u61b2\u6cd5\u7b2c\u516d\u589e\u4fee\u689d\u6587\u4e4b\u539f\u610f\uff0c\u5df2\u88abGideon v. Wainwright\u5224\u6c7a\u6240\u53d6\u4ee3\u3002\u800c\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u5c0d\u65bc\u4fdd\u8b77\u96b1\u79c1\u5728\u4fb5\u6b0a\u884c\u70ba\u4e0a\u5df2\u6709\u5176\u7a69\u56fa\u4e4b\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4fb5\u5165\u975e\u516c\u958b\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u96b1\u853d\u4e4b\u8655\u800c\u4e0d\u53d7\u65b0\u805e\u50f9\u503c\u4e4b\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u6709\u5176\u65b0\u805e\u50f9\u503c\u800c\u516c\u958b\u79c1\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\uff1bTurley\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5f8c\u8005\u8207\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u6280\u8853\u6709\u95dc\uff0c\u5176\u53ef\u6d89\u53ca\u5a92\u9ad4\u4f7f\u7528\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u6280\u8853\u80fd\u5426\u5c6c\u4f8b\u5916\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u9700\u5148\u91d0\u6e05\u4f55\u70ba\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u4e8b\u5be6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u662f\u5426\u6709\u5305\u62ec\u516c\u958b\u5730\u65b9\u4e4b\u79fb\u52d5\u6216\u7d50\u793e\u3002\u57fa\u65bcNew York Times Co. v. Sullivan\u8207Snyder v. Phelps\u5169\u6848\uff0cTurley\u8aaa\u660e\uff0c\u9650\u7e2e\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u4ee5\u4fdd\u6709\u8a00\u8ad6\u81ea\u7531\u7a7a\u9593\u662f\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u540c\u6642\u6709\u64f4\u5f35\u4fb5\u6b0a\u6cd5\u7bc4\u570d\u4e4b\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u5305\u62ec\u8207\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6709\u95dc\u4e4b\u96b1\u79c1\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u4f46\u4e0d\u8ad6\u662f\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u6216\u61b2\u6cd5\u5c0d\u6a21\u7cca\u6b0a\u7684\u627f\u8a8d\uff0c\u90fd\u5fc5\u9808\u8207\u5169\u7a2e\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u6297\u8861\uff1a\u9996\u5148\u70ba\u7e2e\u6e1b\u96b1\u79c1\u8207\u8a00\u8ad6\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u57f7\u6cd5\u55ae\u4f4d\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u4f46Turley\u8a8d\u70ba\u5176\u7d50\u679c\u5c07\u53ef\u4ee5\u589e\u9032\u96b1\u79c1\u671f\u5f85\uff1b\u5176\u6b21\u5176\u4ed6\u8207\u6a21\u7cca\u6216\u516c\u5171\u5834\u6240\u533f\u540d\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u6297\u8861\u4e4b\u61b2\u6cd5\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8a00\u8ad6\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u800cTurley\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u4fdd\u8b77\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u96b1\u79c1\u662f\u5728\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u6280\u8853\u4e0b\u4fdd\u8b77\u8a00\u8ad6\u81ea\u7531\u8207\u7d50\u793e\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5598\u606f\u7a7a\u9593\uff0c\u552f\u6709\u7981\u6b62\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u6280\u8853\u7684\u5229\u7528\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u624d\u80fd\u5728\u516c\u5171\u5834\u6240\u4fdd\u6709\u96b1\u79c1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e09\u70ba\u900f\u904e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u898f\u7bc4\u8a2d\u8a08\uff0c\u4fdd\u8b77\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u96b1\u79c1\u3002Turley\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u900f\u904e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4f86\u754c\u5b9a\u533f\u540d\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u7684\u975e\u533f\u540d\u516c\u5171\u5834\u6240\u6216\u516c\u5171\u533f\u540d\u6b0a\uff0c\u4e26\u91dd\u5c0d\u5a01\u8105\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u800c\u8a2d\u8a08\u67d0\u578b\u614b\u4e4b\u6a21\u7cca\u6027\uff1b\u6b64\u751f\u7269\u96b1\u79c1\u6cd5\u898f\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u5728\u65bc\u5e6b\u52a9\u500b\u4eba\u754c\u5b9a\u5176\u9078\u64c7\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\u8207\u5f8c\u679c\uff0c\u5982Herbert Simon\u6240\u8ff0\u4e4b\u6709\u9650\u7406\u6027\uff08bounded rationality\uff09\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8a2d\u8a08\u4e4b\u74b0\u5883\u7d50\u69cb\u5f71\u97ff\u500b\u4eba\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u500b\u4eba\u5c0d\u7279\u5b9a\u4e8b\u7269\u4e4b\u614b\u5ea6\u8207\u671f\u5f85\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982HIPAA\u8b93\u500b\u4eba\u671f\u5f85\u5176\u5065\u5eb7\u8cc7\u8a0a\u662f\u53d7\u5230\u91ab\u7642\u6a5f\u69cb\u8207\u91ab\u5e2b\u4fdd\u8b77\u7684\u3002\u57fa\u65bc\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u96b1\u79c1\u70ba\u5168\u570b\u6027\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u96d6\u9700\u6709\u5dde\u6cd5\u5148\u884c\uff0c\u4f46Turley\u4e3b\u5f35\u61c9\u4ee5\u5168\u570b\u6027\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u96b1\u79c1\u6cd5\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u5404\u5dde\u56e0\u6cd5\u898f\u4e0d\u540c\u800c\u4f7f\u4f01\u696d\u53d7\u5230\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u74b0\u5883\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff1b\u5176\u898f\u7bc4\u5167\u5bb9\u53ef\u8207\u6b50\u6d32GDPR\u63a5\u8ecc\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u516c\u79c1\u90e8\u9580\u5229\u7528\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u6280\u8853\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u8cc7\u6599\u5eab\u7684\u5b58\u53d6\u8207\u8f49\u79fb\u8981\u4ef6\u3001\u53d6\u5f97\u500b\u4eba\u5c0d\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u6280\u8853\u4e4b\u540c\u610f\u3001\u4ee5\u96dc\u6e4a\uff08hash\uff09\u6280\u8853\u6216\u6578\u4f4d\u6d6e\u6c34\u5370\u65b9\u5f0f\u4fdd\u8b77\u8cc7\u6599\u4e0d\u88ab\u8d85\u904e\u540c\u610f\u4e4b\u7bc4\u570d\u6240\u5229\u7528\u3001\u8a2d\u8a08\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u6280\u8853\u7684\u6aa2\u5b9a\u6a19\u6e96\u8207\u516c\u958b\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u6280\u8853\u4e4b\u7d50\u679c\u7b49\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u4fdd\u8b77\u751f\u7269\u8b58\u5225\u96b1\u79c1\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr 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class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\" src=\"https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/\u5716\u7247-1-2-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4966\" srcset=\"https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/\u5716\u7247-1-2-1024x575.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/\u5716\u7247-1-2-300x168.jpg 300w, https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/\u5716\u7247-1-2-768x431.jpg 768w, https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/\u5716\u7247-1-2-200x112.jpg 200w, https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/\u5716\u7247-1-2-690x387.jpg 690w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Photo from Shutterstock.com.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>\u8cc7\u6599\u4f86\u6e90<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jonathan Turley, Anonymity, Obscurity, and Technology: Reconsidering Privacy in the Age of Biometrics, 100 B.U. L. REV. 2179 (2020).\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>\u5ef6\u4f38\u95b1\u8b80<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7121<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>\u4f5c\u8005<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/?page_id=1958\" target=\"_blank\">\u9867\u9577\u82b8\u3000\u4e2d\u592e\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u6240<\/a><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u611f\u8b1d\u300c\u8cc7\u6599\u5b89\u5168\u7814\u767c\u53ca\u4eba\u624d\u57f9\u80b2\u8a08\u756b\u300d\u652f\u6301<br><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u9867\u9577\u82b8 2021\u5e7407\u670830\u65e5 Turley\u65bc\u672c\u6587\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u751f\u7269<br \/><a class=\"read-more\" style=\"color:#843700\" href=\"https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/?p=4965\">[ Read More ]<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":4966,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[39,43],"tags":[378,292,168,139],"class_list":["post-4965","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","category-articles-books-reviews","tag-378","tag-292","tag-168","tag-139","post-item clearfix"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4965","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/10"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4965"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4965\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4967,"href":"https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4965\/revisions\/4967"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/4966"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4965"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4965"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4965"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}