{"id":4084,"date":"2020-09-04T14:09:04","date_gmt":"2020-09-04T06:09:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/?p=4084"},"modified":"2021-07-16T18:14:11","modified_gmt":"2021-07-16T10:14:11","slug":"%e6%b7%ba%e8%ab%87shaun-b-spencer%e3%80%8cthe-problem-of-online-manipulation%e3%80%8d%e4%b8%80%e6%96%87","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/?p=4084","title":{"rendered":"\u6dfa\u8ac7Shaun B. Spencer\u300cThe Problem of Online Manipulation\u300d\u4e00\u6587"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\" \u9867\u9577\u82b8<\/a>
\"\" 2020\u5e7409\u670804\u65e5<\/p>\n\n\n

Spencer\u65bc\u672c\u6587\u5c07\u64cd\u5f04\u5b9a\u7fa9\u70ba\uff0c\u64cd\u5f04\u8005\u6709\u610f\u5716\u85c9\u7531\u525d\u524a\u500b\u4eba\u504f\u898b\u6216\u5f31\u9ede\uff0c\u5f71\u97ff\u500b\u4eba\u884c\u70ba\u4e26\u7834\u58de\u5176\u6c7a\u7b56\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u4e14\u5176\u64cd\u5f04\u6a5f\u5236\u662f\u5411\u500b\u4eba\u96b1\u85cf\u3002\u57fa\u65bc\u7db2\u8def\u64cd\u5f04\uff08online manipulation\uff09\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\u8a8d\u5b9a\u8207\u898f\u7bc4\u4e0a\u4e4b\u56f0\u96e3\uff0cSpencer\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u7db2\u8def\u64cd\u5f04\u61c9\u8996\u70ba\u500b\u8cc7\u5229\u7528\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u50b7\u5bb3\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u70ba\u907f\u514d\u6578\u4f4d\u6642\u4ee3\u6240\u53ef\u80fd\u9020\u6210\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u672a\u898b\u7684\u50b7\u5bb3\uff0c\u61c9\u5f9e\u500b\u8cc7\u6cd5\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u91dd\u5c0d\u8cc7\u8a0a\u6d41\u52d5\u7684\u6574\u9ad4\u9032\u884c\u7ba1\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Spencer\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u64cd\u5f04\u7684\u92b7\u552e\u6280\u8853\u65e9\u5728\u6578\u4f4d\u6642\u4ee3\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u5df2\u7d93\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u8a8d\u77e5\u8207\u793e\u6703\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u6307\u51fa\u500b\u4eba\u5f62\u6210\u5224\u65b7\u8207\u505a\u51fa\u6c7a\u7b56\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5230\u76f4\u89ba\u3001\u6163\u6027\u3001\u504f\u5dee\u3001\u81ea\u52d5\u884c\u70ba\u6a21\u5f0f\u7b49\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u884c\u92b7\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u70ba\u8aaa\u670d\u6216\u64cd\u5f04\u500b\u4eba\u9032\u5165\u4ea4\u6613\u6216\u8cfc\u8cb7\u5546\u54c1\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u901a\u5e38\u6d89\u53ca\u5c0d\u4eba\u60c5\u611f\u4e4b\u64cd\u5f04\u9054\u6210\u3002\u65e9\u5728\u6578\u4f4d\u6642\u4ee3\u524d\uff0c\u92b7\u552e\u8005\u4fbf\u900f\u904e\u5ee3\u544a\u5167\u5bb9\u3001\u5b9a\u50f9\u7b56\u7565\u8207\u670d\u52d9\u3001\u7522\u54c1\u6a19\u793a\u8207\u74b0\u5883\u64fa\u8a2d\u7b49\u9020\u6210\u8a8d\u77e5\u6216\u5fc3\u7406\u504f\u5dee\u4e4b\u8a2d\u8a08\uff0c\u8207\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u4e14\u4e00\u5c0d\u4e00\u7684\u4e92\u52d5\uff0c\u9054\u6210\u92b7\u552e\u76ee\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u800c\u5728\u7576\u524d\u6578\u4f4d\u6642\u4ee3\u7684\u64cd\u5f04\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u70ba\u91dd\u5c0d\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u7db2\u8def\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u91dd\u5c0d\u6027\u5ee3\u544a\u6280\u8853\uff1b\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u5728\u6b64\u70ba\u900f\u904e\u4ed6\u4eba\u6240\u8a2d\u8a08\u4e4b\u79d1\u6280\u800c\u9032\u5165\u5e02\u5834\u7684\u4e2d\u4ecb\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\uff08mediated consumer\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8b93\u92b7\u552e\u8005\u5f97\u4ee5\u8a18\u9304\u4e0b\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4e92\u52d5\uff0c\u4e26\u540c\u6642\u8a2d\u8a08\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u5982\u4f55\u8207\u5176\u7db2\u7ad9\u4e92\u52d5\u3002\u6578\u4f4d\u6642\u4ee3\u7684\u884c\u92b7\uff0c\u91dd\u5c0d\u5f9e\u55ae\u4e00\u7db2\u7ad9\u6216\u641c\u5c0b\u7d50\u679c\u3001\u800c\u672a\u8490\u96c6\u500b\u8cc7\u7684\u8108\u7d61\u5316\u5ee3\u544a\uff08contextual advertising\uff09\uff0c\u767c\u5c55\u5230\u5256\u7e6a\u500b\u4eba\u7db2\u8def\u884c\u70ba\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u500b\u5225\u5316\u4e4b\u7db2\u8def\u884c\u70ba\u5ee3\u544a\uff08online behavioral advertising\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u900f\u904e\u9023\u7d50\u5ba2\u89c0\u4eba\u53e3\u5b78\u7279\u5fb5\uff08objective demographic characteristics\uff09\u8207\u62bd\u8c61\u7279\u5fb5\uff08abstract characteristics\uff09\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6027\u5225\u3001\u5e74\u9f61\u9023\u7d50\u5230\u6240\u5c6c\u7fa4\u9ad4\u7684\u8208\u8da3\u3001\u610f\u898b\u7b49\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u505a\u70ba\u5224\u65b7\u7279\u5b9a\u7fa4\u9ad4\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u80fd\u8cfc\u8cb7\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u8b8a\u6578\uff08psychographic\uff09\u7d50\u679c\u3002EU Commission\u65bc2016\u5e74\u5df2\u5c31\u92b7\u552e\u8005\u525d\u524a\u5f31\u9ede\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u9a45\u52d5\uff08behavioral drivers\uff09\u6a21\u5f0f\u9032\u884c\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e26\u5217\u8209\u92b7\u552e\u8005\u8a66\u5716\u525d\u524a\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u8655\u7406\u8907\u96dc\u8cc7\u8a0a\u7684\u6709\u9650\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u96e3\u4ee5\u4e86\u89e3\u7522\u54c1\u6216\u670d\u52d9\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u6210\u672c\u7684\u92b7\u552e\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u800c\u900f\u904e\u81c9\u66f8\u6d41\u51fa\u7684\u5167\u90e8\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e5f\u8b49\u660e\u81c9\u66f8\u900f\u904e\u76e3\u8996\u5e74\u8f15\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u7684\u8cbc\u6587\u3001\u7167\u7247\u3001\u4e92\u52d5\u7b49\u5373\u6642\u7db2\u8def\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u5176\u5fae\u91dd\u5c0d\u6027\u5ee3\u544a\uff08micro-target ads\uff09\u5df2\u53ef\u5728\u500b\u4eba\u60c5\u7dd2\u4f4e\u843d\u7684\u300c\u7576\u4e0b\u300d\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u7279\u5b9a\u5167\u5bb9\u5ee3\u544a\uff0c\u5f71\u97ff\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u3002\u751a\u81f3\uff0c\u92b7\u552e\u8005\u4e5f\u53ef\u900f\u904e\u525d\u524a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5f71\u97ff\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u5c0d\u65bc\u96b1\u79c1\u7684\u4fdd\u8b77\uff0c\u50cf\u662f\u525d\u524a\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u504f\u5dee\u800c\u65bc\u9810\u8a2d\u6642\u7d66\u4e88\u4f4e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e4b\u96b1\u79c1\u8a2d\u5b9a\uff0c\u6216\u900f\u904e\u525d\u524a\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u7684\u96b1\u79c1\u75b2\u52de\uff08privacy fatigue\uff09\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u770b\u4f3c\u6709\u76ca\u65bc\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u3001\u4f46\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u537b\u96e3\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u8907\u96dc\u96b1\u79c1\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u800c\u8b93\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u96a8\u8457\u6642\u9593\u66b4\u9732\u66f4\u591a\u500b\u4eba\u8cc7\u8a0a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Spencer\u8a8d\u70ba\u300c\u5373\u6642\u6027\u300d\u70ba\u672a\u4f86\u6578\u4f4d\u6642\u4ee3\u4e4b\u7279\u5fb5\uff0c\u9664\u53ef\u9032\u5165\u5230\u91dd\u5c0d\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u500b\u4eba\u60c5\u7dd2\u5c64\u7d1a\u505a\u51fa\u56de\u61c9\u7684\u670d\u52d9\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u66f4\u53ef\u9032\u5165\u5230\u89f8\u767c\u500b\u4eba\u539f\u6709\u4e4b\u504f\u5dee\u6216\u5f31\u9ede\u7684\u5730\u6b65\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u6709\u8a8d\u77e5\u6216\u5fc3\u7406\u504f\u5dee\uff0c\u4f46\u57fa\u65bc\u500b\u4eba\u7d93\u9a57\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u92b7\u552e\u8005\u5c07\u53ef\u4ee5\u5373\u6642\u6027\u7684\u767c\u73fe\u500b\u4eba\u5f31\u9ede\uff0c\u8b8a\u66f4\u884c\u92b7\u5167\u5bb9\u8207\u7db2\u7ad9\u67b6\u69cb\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5f15\u767c\u6216\u52a0\u91cd\u500b\u4eba\u5f31\u9ede\uff0c\u5176\u65b9\u5f0f\u8207\u7576\u524d\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u5373\u900f\u904e\u7279\u5b9a\u884c\u70ba\u754c\u5b9a\u5176\u5f31\u9ede\u3001\u627e\u51fa\u8ab0\u6709\u9019\u4e9b\u884c\u70ba\u3001\u4e26\u91dd\u5c0d\u500b\u5225\u5ba2\u6236\u8a2d\u8a08\u4e26\u525d\u524a\u3002\u5373\u6642\u8b58\u5225\u900f\u904e\u8aaa\u670d\u5256\u7e6a\uff08persuasion profiling\uff09\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u8207\u8a8d\u77e5\u578b\u614b\uff08cognitive styles\uff09\u7684\u5dee\u7570\uff0c\u53ef\u52d5\u614b\u7684\u7d66\u4e88\u500b\u4eba\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7db2\u7ad9\u5167\u5bb9\u5448\u73fe\u3002\u800cAmazon\u91dd\u5c0d\u60c5\u7dd2\u5075\u6e2c\u4e26\u63d0\u51fa\u76f8\u61c9\u60c5\u7dd2\u4e4b\u5ee3\u544a\u884c\u92b7\u3001Google\u53ef\u91dd\u6e2c\u8ca0\u9762\u60c5\u7dd2\u63d0\u4f9b\u5efa\u8b70\u3001IBM\u5247\u6709\u53ef\u5e6b\u52a9\u641c\u5c0b\u5f15\u64ce\u4f9d\u7167\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u7576\u4e0b\u60c5\u7dd2\u72c0\u614b\u63d0\u4f9b\u641c\u5c0b\u7d50\u679c\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3001\u81c9\u66f8\u53ef\u9810\u6e2c\u500b\u4eba\u7acb\u5373\u81ea\u6bba\u98a8\u96aa\u7b49\u5404\u5927\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u5c08\u5229\u7533\u8acb\uff0c\u672a\u4f86\u5c07\u53ef\u91dd\u5c0d\u500b\u4eba\u9032\u884c\u52d5\u614b\u60c5\u7dd2\u5b9a\u4f4d\uff08dynamic emotional targeting\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u6642\u525d\u524a\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u504f\u5dee\u8207\u5f31\u9ede\u3002Matz\u7b49\u4eba\u900f\u904e\u81c9\u66f8\u4e4b\u5be6\u9a57\u5df2\u7d93\u8b49\u660e\u500b\u4eba\u5728\u7d93\u904e\u4f9d\u5176\u500b\u6027\u4e4b\u91dd\u5c0d\u6027\u5ee3\u544a\uff0c\u5c07\u53ef\u6709\u6548\u589e\u52a0\u5546\u54c1\u92b7\u552e\u7387\uff1b\u751a\u81f3\uff0c\u5c07\u53ef\u5275\u9020\u500b\u4eba\u5f31\u9ede\u4e26\u525d\u524a\u4e4b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5229\u7528\u81ea\u6211\u8017\u640d\uff08ego depletion\uff09\u5728\u500b\u4eba\u81ea\u6211\u63a7\u5236\u6700\u8584\u5f31\u6642\u7d66\u4e88\u5ee3\u544a\uff0c\u6216\u5982\u81c9\u66f8\u5229\u7528News Feed\u529f\u80fd\u5f71\u97ff\u500b\u4eba\u60c5\u7dd2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Spencer\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u82e5\u8981\u4ee5\u6cd5\u5f8b\u898f\u7bc4\u7db2\u8def\u64cd\u5f04\uff0c\u5247\u5fc5\u9808\u660e\u78ba\u5b9a\u7fa9\u64cd\u5f04\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u8207\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u64cd\u5f04\u8db3\u4ee5\u7522\u751f\u4f55\u7a2e\u50b7\u5bb3\u800c\u9032\u884c\u898f\u7bc4\uff0cSpencer\u4ee5\u5404\u6cd5\u5b78\u8005\u5c0d\u64cd\u5f04\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u4f5c\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u4f86\u5206\u6790\u64cd\u5f04\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u610f\u6db5\u3002Susser\u3001Roessler\u8207Nissenbaum\u4e09\u4f4d\u5b78\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8aaa\u670d\uff08persuasion\uff09\u3001\u64cd\u5f04\uff08manipulation\uff09\u3001\u6b3a\u9a19\uff08deception\uff09\u8207\u5f37\u8feb\uff08coercion\uff09\u7b49\u5f71\u97ff\u6280\u5de7\u6709\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u5f37\u8feb\u70ba\u516c\u958b\u7684\u9650\u5236\u4ed6\u4eba\u9078\u64c7\uff0c\u800c\u64cd\u5f04\u70ba\u96b1\u5bc6\u7684\u7834\u58de\u5176\u6709\u610f\u8b58\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e4b\u80fd\u529b\uff1b\u6b3a\u9a19\u5247\u662f\u8b93\u4eba\u6709\u932f\u8aa4\u8a8d\u77e5\uff0c\u800c\u64cd\u5f04\u5247\u662f\u4e0d\u5f71\u97ff\u5176\u4fe1\u5ff5\u4f46\u525d\u524a\u5176\u504f\u5dee\u8207\u5f31\u9ede\uff1b\u8aaa\u670d\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u5766\u767d\u5730\u8a34\u8af8\u81ea\u6211\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e4b\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u64cd\u5f04\u5247\u662f\u7e5e\u904e\u500b\u4eba\u81ea\u6211\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e4b\u80fd\u529b\u3002Susser\u7b49\u4eba\u5c07\u64cd\u5f04\u5b9a\u7fa9\u70ba\u5411\u5c0d\u8c61\u96b1\u779e\u3001\u8a66\u5716\u525d\u524a\u5c0d\u8c61\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u3001\u60c5\u7dd2\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u6c7a\u7b56\u5f31\u9ede\u4e26\u4e14\u91dd\u5c0d\u5728\u9019\u4e9b\u5f31\u9ede\u4e0a\uff1b\u4f46Susser\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u5f8c\u5169\u8005\u5c0d\u64cd\u5f04\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u4e26\u975e\u5fc5\u9808\uff0c\u4e14\u525d\u524a\u5c0d\u8c61\u6c7a\u7b56\u5f31\u9ede\u4e14\u91dd\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u5f31\u9ede\uff0c\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u662f\u64cd\u5f04\u8005\u5728\u5c0d\u500b\u4eba\u9032\u884c\u79d8\u5bc6\u5f71\u97ff\u4e4b\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u6545Susser\u7b49\u4eba\u5c07\u64cd\u5f04\u7c21\u55ae\u5b9a\u7fa9\u70ba\u5411\u5c0d\u8c61\u96b1\u779e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sunstein\u5247\u5c07\u64cd\u5f04\u5b9a\u7fa9\u70ba\u4e00\u5ba3\u7a31\u6216\u884c\u52d5\u672a\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u5730\uff08not sufficiently\uff09\u5f15\u8d77\u6216\u8a34\u8af8\u5c0d\u8c61\u7684\u53cd\u7701\u6216\u6df1\u601d\u719f\u616e\uff1b\u4f46\u4ee5\u6b64\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff0c\u5c07\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6db5\u84cb\u6240\u6709\u7bc4\u570d\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u56e0\u800c\u50c5\u91dd\u5c0d\u8b0a\u8a00\u3001\u6b3a\u9a19\u9032\u884c\u898f\u7bc4\uff0c\u800c\u96e3\u4ee5\u6709\u6548\u898f\u7bc4\u64cd\u5f04\u3002Sarsky\u8207Sunstein\u6709\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff0c\u4e26\u6307\u51fa\u7576\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u53d7\u5230\u7279\u5225\u8a2d\u8a08\u4e4b\u884c\u92b7\u8207\u5ee3\u544a\u5229\u7528\u5176\u5f31\u9ede\u800c\u4f54\u5176\u4fbf\u5b9c\uff0c\u5176\u6240\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u4e26\u975e\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u539f\u6b32\u9078\u64c7\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u61c9\u7d66\u4e88\u5176\u7368\u81ea\u53cd\u7701\u7684\u6a5f\u6703\u3002Calo\u5247\u8a8d\u70ba\u64cd\u5f04\u6d89\u53ca\u91dd\u5c0d\u500b\u4eba\u50be\u5411\u4f7f\u5176\u884c\u70ba\u4e0d\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u4e26\u525d\u524a\u9019\u4e9b\u50be\u5411\u800c\u7372\u5f97\u5176\u500b\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u4f86\u5f71\u97ff\u500b\u4eba\u3002Posner\u5247\u5c07\u64cd\u5f04\u5b9a\u7fa9\u70ba\u85c9\u7531\u72e1\u733e\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u6216\u6697\u4e2d\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u63a7\u5236\u6216\u73a9\u5f04\u4ee5\u7372\u5f97\u500b\u4eba\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u64cd\u5f04\u8005\u5728\u6b64\u77e5\u9053\u500b\u4eba\u6709\u4e0d\u6b63\u78ba\u4e4b\u9810\u671f\u800c\u4e0d\u7cfe\u6b63\uff0c\u6216\u671f\u5f85\u4e26\u5229\u7528\u500b\u4eba\u505a\u51fa\u4e0d\u6b63\u78ba\u63a8\u8ad6\u7684\u50be\u5411\u800c\u7372\u5229\u3002Becker & Feldman\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u8ce3\u65b9\u77e5\u9053\u5176\u5f31\u9ede\u4e14\u7528\u4ee5\u525d\u524a\u3001\u5176\u6709\u7372\u5229\u52d5\u6a5f\u3001\u5728\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u6642\u5ffd\u7565\u5c0d\u65b9\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u6b64\u8207\u5176\u7522\u54c1\u7121\u95dc\u3001\u4e5f\u975e\u884c\u92b7\u7684\u526f\u7522\u54c1\u7684\u525d\u524a\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u8cb7\u65b9\u4e0d\u77e5\u60c5\uff0c\u5247\u6b64\u60c5\u6cc1\u662f\u70ba\u64cd\u5f04\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u900f\u904e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5404\u6cd5\u5b78\u8005\u5c0d\u64cd\u5f04\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff0cSpencer\u7d9c\u5408\u6574\u7406\u51fa\u64cd\u5f04\u7684\u7279\u5fb5\uff1a\u9996\u5148\u5177\u6709\u7e5e\u904e\u5c0d\u8c61\u7406\u6027\u6c7a\u7b56\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u6216\u672a\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u5f15\u8d77\u500b\u4eba\u7406\u6027\uff1b\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u64cd\u5f04\u8005\u8981\u6709\u610f\u5716\uff0c\u8b93\u500b\u4eba\u884c\u70ba\u4e0d\u7406\u6027\u6216\u5f9e\u500b\u4eba\u4e0d\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u63a8\u8ad6\u4e2d\u7372\u5229\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u4f46\u5c0d\u65bc\u64cd\u5f04\u662f\u5426\u70ba\u96b1\u779e\u7684\uff0cSusser\u7b49\u4eba\u8a8d\u70ba\u64cd\u5f04\u5fc5\u9808\u70ba\u5c0d\u500b\u4eba\u96b1\u779e\u7684\uff0c\u800cSunstein\u5247\u8a8d\u70ba\u6709\u4e9b\u660e\u986f\u5c0d\u500b\u4eba\u5448\u73fe\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u64cd\u5f04\uff0c\u5c0d\u6b64\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u64cd\u5f04\u6240\u8981\u96b1\u779e\u7684\u662f\u5176\u64cd\u5f04\u7684\u6a5f\u5236\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u500b\u4eba\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u5982\u4f55\u6216\u70ba\u4f55\u53d7\u5176\u523a\u6fc0\uff0c\u5247\u5176\u6c7a\u7b56\u80fd\u529b\u5373\u88ab\u7834\u58de\uff0c\u6545\uff0c\u64cd\u5f04\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u53ef\u898b\u7684\u3002\u7d9c\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0cSpencer\u5c07\u64cd\u5f04\u5b9a\u7fa9\u70ba\u4e00\u610f\u5716\u8a66\u5716\u5f71\u97ff\u500b\u4eba\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u85c9\u7531\u525d\u524a\u5176\u504f\u898b\u6216\u5f31\u9ede\uff1b\u64cd\u5f04\u8005\u8981\u6709\u610f\u5716\u4e26\u8981\u7834\u58de\u6c7a\u7b56\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u525d\u524a\u500b\u4eba\u6c7a\u7b56\u5f31\u9ede\uff1b\u8981\u6709\u5f31\u9ede\u6216\u504f\u5dee\uff1b\u800c\u5176\u64cd\u5f04\u7684\u6a5f\u5236\u662f\u96b1\u85cf\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u9032\u884c\u64cd\u5f04\u4e26\u4e0d\u7b49\u540c\u65bc\u5c31\u9808\u88ab\u7ba1\u5236\uff0c\u5176\u5fc5\u9808\u8981\u6210\u50b7\u5bb3\u3002\u800cSpencer\u6307\u51fa\u64cd\u5f04\u9020\u6210\u50b7\u5bb3\u7684\u56db\u500b\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u64cd\u5f04\u640d\u5bb3\u500b\u4eba\u6c7a\u7b56\u800c\u50b7\u5bb3\u500b\u4eba\u81ea\u4e3b\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u64cd\u5f04\u5c07\u8b93\u4eba\u9078\u64c7\u8207\u5176\u504f\u597d\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u7d50\u679c\u7121\u6548\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u8108\u7d61\u4e0b\uff0c\u50b7\u5bb3\u6c11\u4e3b\u5be9\u8b70\uff1b\u7b2c\u56db\uff0c\u64cd\u5f04\u5c07\u500b\u4eba\u8996\u70ba\u9054\u6210\u76ee\u7684\u4e4b\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u50b7\u5bb3\u500b\u4eba\u5c0a\u56b4\u3002\u800c\u7db2\u8def\u64cd\u5f04\uff0c\u4f01\u696d\u53ef\u4ee5\u6355\u6349\u8207\u4fdd\u7559\u500b\u4eba\u4e92\u52d5\u3001\u8a2d\u8a08\u5982\u4f55\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f55\u6642\u8207\u500b\u4eba\u4e92\u52d5\uff0c\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u900f\u904e\u5927\u91cf\u8cc7\u6599\u8490\u96c6\u3001\u8907\u96dc\u5206\u6790\u4e14\u6975\u500b\u4eba\u5316\uff0c\u5c07\u4f7f\u5f97\u7db2\u8def\u64cd\u5f04\u66f4\u5177\u50b7\u5bb3\u529b\u3002\u884c\u92b7\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u4ee5\u904e\u53bb\u666e\u904d\u4f7f\u7528\u4e4b\u6563\u9ede\u64cd\u5f04\uff08scattershot manipulation\uff09\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5176\u64cd\u5f04\u7d50\u679c\u6703\u5c0d\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u4f46\u4e26\u975e\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u800c\u7db2\u8def\u64cd\u5f04\u4e5f\u50c5\u662f\u91dd\u5c0d\u6709\u6548\u7684\u90a3\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u800c\u5df2\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u9700\u9032\u884c\u898f\u7bc4\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u53cd\u5c0d\u5c0d\u7db2\u8def\u64cd\u5f04\u9032\u884c\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u57fa\u790e\uff1bSpencer\u91dd\u5c0d\u6b64\u53cd\u8ad6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6b64\u7406\u8ad6\u5ffd\u7565\u6578\u4f4d\u7684\u7279\u6027\u5c07\u4f7f\u500b\u4eba\u5316\u6210\u70ba\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u7db2\u8def\u64cd\u5f04\u7686\u4ee5\u500b\u4eba\u884c\u70ba\u8cc7\u6599\u800c\u91dd\u5c0d\u7279\u5b9a\u500b\u4eba\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u7e5e\u904e\u5176\u7406\u6027\u6c7a\u7b56\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7db2\u8def\u64cd\u5f04\u6bd4\u8d77\u73fe\u6709\u4e4b\u7db2\u8def\u884c\u70ba\u5ee3\u544a\uff0c\u5373\u900f\u904e\u500b\u4eba\u884c\u70ba\u8cc7\u6599\u5f71\u97ff\u500b\u4eba\u6240\u898b\u4e4b\u5ee3\u544a\uff0c\u66f4\u5177\u5a01\u8105\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u91dd\u5c0d\u7db2\u8def\u64cd\u5f04\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u8a2d\u8a08\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u91dd\u5c0d\u5176\u53ef\u80fd\u525d\u524a\u500b\u4eba\u6216\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u7684\u504f\u898b\u6216\u5f31\u9ede\uff0c\u5f71\u97ff\u8005\u8981\u6709\u6b64\u610f\u5716\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u5f71\u97ff\u8005\u4e4b\u7684\u5e02\u5834\u5229\u76ca\u7b49\u4e09\u500b\u7279\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f46\u662f\uff0cSpencer\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u898f\u7bc4\u7db2\u8def\u64cd\u5f04\u5c07\u5fc5\u9808\u89e3\u6c7a\u516d\u500b\u95dc\u65bc\u7dda\u4e0a\u64cd\u5f04\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u554f\u984c\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u8981\u5b9a\u7fa9\u504f\u5dee\u8207\u5f31\u9ede\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u8a8d\u77e5\u8207\u5fc3\u7406\u72c0\u614b\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u540c\u4e00\u7a2e\u64cd\u5f04\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u6703\u5c0d\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u6a23\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff1b\u82e5\u5f9e\u5176\u7279\u5b9a\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u7e5e\u904e\u500b\u4eba\u53cd\u601d\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u6216\u55ae\u5c31\u67d0\u7a2e\u523a\u6fc0\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f71\u97ff\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u4eba\u7fa4\uff0c\u505a\u70ba\u7e5e\u904e\u53cd\u601d\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff0c\u90fd\u904e\u65bc\u5ee3\u6cdb\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u8981\u5b9a\u7fa9\u5546\u4eba\u5177\u6709\u525d\u524a\u5f31\u9ede\u7684\u610f\u5716\uff0c\u4f46\u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u50c5\u4f7f\u7528A\/B\u6e2c\u8a66\uff0c\u4fbf\u53ef\u9054\u5230\u92b7\u552e\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u7121\u9808\u523b\u610f\u7814\u7a76\u6216\u77e5\u9053\u5f31\u9ede\u70ba\u4f55\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e0d\u77e5\u500b\u4eba\u5f31\u9ede\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u898f\u7bc4\u6b64\u7db2\u8def\u64cd\u5f04\u4e5f\u7121\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u8070\u660e\u7684\u64cd\u5f04\u8005\u6703\u5c07\u5176\u64cd\u5f04\u7684\u5f31\u9ede\u6216\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u96b1\u85cf\u65bcA\/B\u6e2c\u8a66\u8108\u7d61\u4e4b\u4e0b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u8981\u5b9a\u7fa9\u5f71\u97ff\u8005\u5982\u4f55\u91dd\u5c0d\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u5f31\u9ede\uff0c\u72f9\u7fa9\u5b9a\u7fa9\u5229\u7528\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u5148\u524d\u884c\u70ba\u8cc7\u6599\uff0c\u4f46Spencer\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u7576\u524d\u591a\u6578\u64cd\u5f04\u4e26\u4e0d\u4ef0\u8cf4\u500b\u4eba\u7db2\u8def\u884c\u70ba\u56de\u61c9\u8cc7\u6599\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4ee5\u63ed\u9732\u500b\u4eba\u7279\u8cea\u6216\u8a8d\u77e5\u578b\u614b\u7684\u5256\u7e6a\u8cc7\u6599\uff0c\u5c0d\u500b\u4eba\u9032\u884c\u64cd\u5f04\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cSpencer\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6b64\u8655\u61c9\u5ee3\u7fa9\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff0c\u5373\u7576\u884c\u92b7\u8005\u6c7a\u5b9a\u63d0\u4f9b\u5ba2\u6236\u57fa\u65bc\u5176\u500b\u4eba\u4e4b\u8cc7\u8a0a\u6642\uff0c\u4fbf\u9810\u8a2d\u4e86\u4fee\u6539\u6b64\u8cc7\u8a0a\u7684\u540c\u6642\u5c31\u662f\u77e5\u9053\u500b\u4eba\u6703\u53d7\u5230\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u4f46\u6b64\u7121\u6cd5\u77e5\u9053\u662f\u4f55\u7a2e\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u504f\u5dee\u8207\u5f31\u9ede\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u50c5\u80fd\u898f\u7bc4\u6f5b\u5728\u7684\u64cd\u5f04\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b2c\u56db\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u64cd\u5f04\u8207\u50b7\u5bb3\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u6975\u70ba\u56f0\u96e3\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u8a8d\u77e5\u7279\u8cea\u8207\u7d93\u9a57\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u53d7\u540c\u4e00\u7a2e\u523a\u6fc0\u800c\u5f71\u97ff\uff1b\u4e26\u4e14\uff0c\u96e3\u4ee5\u8b49\u660e\u500b\u4eba\u5728\u4e0d\u53d7\u5f71\u97ff\u4e0b\u4e0d\u6703\u8cfc\u8cb7\u6b64\u9805\u5546\u54c1\uff1b\u5018\u82e5\u6392\u9664\u5169\u8005\u9808\u5177\u6709\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e4b\u8981\u4ef6\uff0c\u5c07\u6703\u4e00\u4f75\u6392\u9664\u79c1\u4eba\u8a34\u8a1f\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6703\u7f3a\u5c11\u7576\u4e8b\u4eba\u63d0\u544a\u4e4b\u9069\u683c\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u884c\u653f\u55ae\u4f4d\u57f7\u6cd5\u7684\u6b63\u7576\u6027\u4e5f\u88ab\u524a\u5f31\u3002\u7b2c\u4e94\uff0c\u9808\u514b\u670d\u5be6\u969b\u57f7\u6cd5\u7684\u6311\u6230\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u64cd\u5f04\u9810\u8a2d\u7576\u4e8b\u4eba\u4e0d\u77e5\u60c5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u500b\u4eba\u7121\u6cd5\u5bdf\u89ba\u5176\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u64cd\u5f04\u6a5f\u5236\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5c0d\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u6709\u7279\u5b9a\u500b\u4eba\u5316\u5167\u5bb9\u7684\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u53ef\u4ee5\u900f\u904e\u5047\u5e33\u865f\u7b49\u4f86\u6e2c\u8a66\u7db2\u7ad9\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u50c5\u80fd\u767c\u73fe\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u64cd\u5f04\u7684\u6027\u8cea\uff0c\u800c\u7121\u6cd5\u767c\u73fe\u64cd\u5f04\u7684\u6a5f\u5236\u3002\u7b2c\u516d\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u898f\u7bc4\u7db2\u8def\u64cd\u5f04\uff0c\u52e2\u5fc5\u6703\u9762\u5c0d\u61b2\u6cd5\u7b2c\u4e00\u589e\u4fee\u689d\u6587\u7684\u6311\u6230\u3002\u4ee5Sorrel v. IMS Health\u4e00\u6848\u70ba\u4f8b\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u4f5b\u8499\u7279\u5dde\uff08Vermont\uff09\u7981\u6b62\u85e5\u5e2b\u672a\u6709\u500b\u4eba\u540c\u610f\u4e0b\u8ca9\u8ce3\u53ef\u8b58\u5225\u4e4b\u500b\u4eba\u8655\u65b9\u8cc7\u8a0a\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u7981\u6b62\u85e5\u5e2b\u8207\u85e5\u5ee0\u5728\u672a\u6709\u500b\u4eba\u540c\u610f\u4e0b\u63d0\u4f9b\u884c\u92b7\u5229\u7528\uff1b\u800c\u806f\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u9650\u5236\u884c\u92b7\u4f46\u672a\u9650\u5236\u5176\u4ed6\u76ee\u7684\u5229\u7528\uff0c\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u5ba3\u7a31\u653f\u5e9c\u4fdd\u8b77\u6b64\u985e\u8cc7\u8a0a\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u50c5\u9650\u5236\u884c\u92b7\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u8a72\u6cd5\u57fa\u65bc\u5167\u5bb9\u8207\u8b1b\u8a71\u8005\u9032\u884c\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u8a72\u6cd5\u4e26\u975e\u9650\u5236\u4fdd\u8b77\u8a00\u8ad6\uff0c\u4ecd\u9808\u53d7\u61b2\u6cd5\u7b2c\u4e00\u589e\u4fee\u689d\u6587\u4e4b\u5be9\u8996\u3002\u82e5\u9069\u7528Central Hudson \u6e2c\u8a66\uff0c\u53cd\u5c0d\u8005\u6216\u53ef\u5c07\u64cd\u5f04\u8996\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u8aa4\u5c0e\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u4e4b\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u53cd\u5c0d\u898f\u7bc4\u64cd\u5f04\uff1b\u5728\u6b64\u6e2c\u8a66\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u82e5\u8a00\u8ad6\u70ba\u5408\u6cd5\u884c\u70ba\u800c\u975e\u8aa4\u5c0e\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u5247\u653f\u5e9c\u61c9\u8b49\u5be6\u5c0d\u5176\u4e4b\u898f\u7bc4\u70ba\u5177\u6709\u653f\u5e9c\u4e4b\u91cd\u5927\u5229\u76ca\u3001\u76f4\u63a5\u589e\u9032\u653f\u5e9c\u5229\u76ca\u4e14\u672a\u6d89\u53ca\u5fc5\u8981\u7bc4\u570d\u4e4b\u5916\u3002\u4f46\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u5f15\u7528Calo\u4e4b\u6558\u8ff0\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u64cd\u5f04\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u903e\u8d8a\u4e86Central Hudson\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u64cd\u5f04\u4e26\u975e\u8a66\u5716\u8aa4\u5c0e\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8aa4\u5c0e\u5373\u70ba\u64cd\u5f04\u4e4b\u91cd\u5fc3\u6240\u5728\uff0cCalo\u4ee5Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association\u70ba\u4f8b\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5dde\u5f8b\u5e2b\u4e0d\u5f97\u7576\u9762\u62db\u652c\u5ba2\u6236\uff08in-person\nsolicitation\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5c07\u6703\u4f7f\u6f5b\u5728\u5ba2\u6236\u7121\u6cd5\u900f\u904e\u95dc\u9375\u6027\u6bd4\u8f03\u5176\u53ef\u884c\u6027\u3001\u6027\u8cea\u3001\u50f9\u683c\u8207\u670d\u52d9\u7b49\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u640d\u5bb3\u500b\u4eba\u544a\u77e5\u8207\u53ef\u9760\u4e4b\u6c7a\u7b56\uff1bCalo\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u7db2\u8def\u64cd\u5f04\u7b49\u540c\u751a\u81f3\u8d85\u904e\u7576\u9762\u62db\u652c\u5ba2\u6236\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u61c9\u5c6c\u65bcCentral Hudson\u4e4b\u8aa4\u5c0e\uff0c\u800c\u61c9\u9032\u884c\u898f\u7bc4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7d9c\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0cSpencer\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u82e5\u76f4\u63a5\u4ee5\u6cd5\u5f8b\u898f\u7bc4\u7db2\u8def\u64cd\u5f04\uff0c\u5c07\u6703\u653b\u64ca\u5230\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u800c\u7db2\u8def\u64cd\u5f04\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u554f\u984c\u5728\u65bc\u5176\u7db2\u8def\u4e4b\u61c9\u7528\uff0c\u6b64\u70ba\u500b\u8cc7\u5229\u7528\u50b7\u5bb3\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\uff1b\u500b\u8cc7\u5229\u7528\u50b7\u5bb3\u9084\u5305\u62ec\u4ee4\u4eba\u5bb9\u6613\u5206\u5fc3\u7684\u5f48\u51fa\u5ee3\u544a\u3001\u91dd\u5c0d\u6027\u5ee3\u544a\u66f4\u500b\u4eba\u5316\u66f4\u5177\u4fb5\u7565\u6027\u3001\u9810\u6e2c\u6027\u5206\u6790\u9810\u6e2c\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u9ede\u64ca\u8207\u50be\u5411\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cSpencer\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u8207\u5176\u898f\u7bc4\u7db2\u8def\u64cd\u5f04\u4e4b\u55ae\u4e00\u50b7\u5bb3\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u4f5c\u70ba\u5b8c\u6574\u898f\u7bc4\u500b\u8cc7\u5206\u4eab\u751f\u614b\u7cfb\u7d71\uff08data sharing ecosystem\uff09\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u5373\u5c0d\u8490\u96c6\u3001\u5132\u5b58\u3001\u5206\u4eab\u8207\u5229\u7528\u7b49\u968e\u6bb5\u9032\u884c\u898f\u7bc4\u3002\u9650\u5236\u8490\u96c6\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u7121\u8cc7\u6599\u4fbf\u7121\u6cd5\u5229\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u6703\u9650\u5236\u5546\u5bb6\u5f8c\u7e8c\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u89e3\u5176\u5ba2\u6236\u4e4b\u5404\u7a2e\u5229\u7528\uff1b\u9650\u5236\u5132\u5b58\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u5132\u5b58\u8d85\u904e\u4ea4\u6613\u6216\u4e92\u52d5\u6642\u9593\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\uff0c\u8b93\u5176\u64c1\u6709\u77ed\u6642\u9593\u5167\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\u800c\u672a\u80fd\u9032\u884c\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u56e0\u6b64\u540c\u6a23\u9650\u5236\u5546\u5bb6\u5f8c\u7e8c\u4e86\u89e3\u5176\u5ba2\u6236\u4e4b\u5229\u7528\uff1b\u9650\u5236\u8207\u7b2c\u4e09\u4eba\u5206\u4eab\uff0c\u6b64\u53ef\u9650\u5236\u5373\u6642\u5229\u7528\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u5256\u7e6a\u7684\u64cd\u5f04\uff0c\u4e26\u9650\u5236\u8cc7\u6599\u63ae\u5ba2\uff08data broker\uff09\u5efa\u7acb\u5927\u91cf\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u5256\u7e6a\u7684\u7591\u616e\uff0c\u4f46\u5927\u4f01\u696d\u4fbf\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b64\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u56e0\u5176\u5f97\u4ee5\u81ea\u5df1\u8490\u96c6\u8db3\u5920\u4e4b\u8cc7\u6599\uff1bSpencer\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6700\u6709\u6548\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u70ba\u7981\u6b62\u5206\u6790\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u5373\u6642\u61c9\u7528\u6240\u5fc5\u9808\u7684\u81ea\u52d5\u5316\u8655\u7406\uff0c\u5373\u61c9\u9650\u5236\u884c\u92b7\u8005\u5728\u6c7a\u5b9a\u91dd\u5c0d\u7279\u5b9a\u5ba2\u6236\u4e4b\u5206\u6790\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u5373\u6642\u81ea\u52d5\u5316\u61c9\u7528\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u5927\u4f01\u696d\u5728\u7d14\u8108\u7d61\u5316\u5ee3\u544a\uff08purely contextual advertising\uff09\u4e0b\u53ef\u540c\u6a23\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\u5206\u6790\u800c\u4f54\u6709\u512a\u52e2\uff0c\u4f46\u4f5c\u8005\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u6b64\u512a\u52e2\u70ba\u5f9e\u4ee5\u524d\u4fbf\u88ab\u5927\u773e\u6240\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u4e26\u4e14\uff0c\u5c31\u7ba1\u5236\u5c64\u9762\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u884c\u92b7\u8005\u504f\u597d\u63a1\u53d6\u901a\u77e5\u8207\u540c\u610f\uff08notice and consent\uff09\u53ca\u9078\u64c7\u9000\u51fa\uff08opt-out\uff09\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u5373\u4fbf\u63a1\u7528\u9078\u64c7\u540c\u610f\uff08opt-in\uff09\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\u884c\u92b7\u8005\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fc3\u4f7f\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u540c\u610f\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u8a8d\u70ba\u6700\u4f73\u7684\u7ba1\u5236\u65b9\u5f0f\u61c9\u70ba\u5efa\u7acb\u8cac\u4efb\u6216\u76f4\u63a5\u7981\u6b62\uff0c\u800c\u7121\u95dc\u4e4e\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u540c\u610f\u8207\u5426\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6700\u5f8c\uff0cSpencer\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5c31\u5be6\u969b\u7acb\u6cd5\u5c64\u9762\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5c07\u7db2\u8def\u64cd\u5f04\u8996\u70ba\u500b\u8cc7\u6cd5\u50b7\u5bb3\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\uff0c\u5176\u597d\u8655\u5728\u65bc\uff0c\u53ef\u7d66\u4e88\u5efa\u7acb\u5b8c\u6574\u500b\u8cc7\u4fdd\u8b77\u6cd5\u524d\u6240\u672a\u6709\u7684\u63a8\u529b\uff0c\u4e26\u53ef\u4f7f\u500b\u8cc7\u6cd5\u66f4\u70ba\u5b8c\u6574\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u63d0\u4f9b\u64f4\u5145\u500b\u8cc7\u6cd5\u4fdd\u8b77\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u901a\u904e\u55ae\u4e00\u7db2\u8def\u64cd\u5f04\u6cd5\u6848\u96e3\u4ee5\u5438\u5f15\u5927\u773e\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5982\u672c\u6587\u6240\u8ff0\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u898f\u7bc4\u7db2\u8def\u64cd\u5f04\u7684\u96e3\u5ea6\u904e\u9ad8\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5b8c\u6574\u500b\u8cc7\u6cd5\u76f8\u8f03\u65bc\u55ae\u7368\u898f\u7bc4\u7db2\u8def\u64cd\u5f04\u6cd5\u898f\uff0c\u8f03\u4e0d\u53d7\u7f8e\u570b\u61b2\u6cd5\u7b2c\u4e00\u589e\u4fee\u689d\u6587\u4e4b\u6311\u6230\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cSpencer\u5c07\u7db2\u8def\u64cd\u5f04\u50b7\u5bb3\u8996\u70ba\u500b\u8cc7\u6cd5\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u70ba\u5be6\u52d9\u4e0a\u6700\u597d\u7684\u89e3\u6c7a\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8a55\u8ad6<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Spencer\u4ee5\u64cd\u5f04\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u81ea\u53e4\u4ee5\u4f86\u7686\u6709\u7684\u884c\u92b7\u624b\u6bb5\u4f5c\u70ba\u51fa\u767c\u9ede\uff0c\u63a2\u8a0e\u73fe\u4eca\u5982\u4f55\u4ee5\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4f86\u898f\u7bc4\u7db2\u8def\u64cd\u5f04\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u5f71\u97ff\u8005\u6709\u610f\u5716\u3001\u4e86\u89e3\u500b\u4eba\u5f31\u9ede\u8207\u504f\u5dee\u3001\u900f\u904e\u96b1\u85cf\u4e4b\u64cd\u5f04\u6a5f\u5236\u4f86\u525d\u524a\u6216\u5229\u7528\u500b\u4eba\u5f31\u9ede\u8207\u504f\u5dee\uff0c\u5373\u7b26\u5408Spencer\u5c0d\u64cd\u5f04\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u63a2\u8a0e\u64cd\u5f04\u6982\u5ff5\u6700\u7279\u5225\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5728\u65bc\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5927\u773e\u666e\u904d\u6027\u5730\u8a8d\u70ba\u4e26\u975e\u6240\u6709\u64cd\u5f04\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u90fd\u4e0d\u88ab\u5141\u8a31\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\u5728\u67d0\u7a2e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u64cd\u5f04\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982Richard Thaler\u8207Cass Sunstein\u7684\u8f15\u63a8\uff08Nudge\uff09\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u63a1\u7528\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u4f46\u7acb\u8db3\u9ede\u70ba\u6709\u5229\u65bc\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\uff1b\u53c8\u6216\u662f\u5f9e\u5f71\u97ff\u500b\u4eba\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u8457\u624b\uff0c\u5982Robert Baldwin\u6240\u5206\u985e\u7684\u4e09\u7a2e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e4b\u8f15\u63a8\uff0c\u5c07\u5176\u5340\u5206\u6210\u4e0d\u540c\u7b49\u7d1a\uff0c\u6700\u8f15\u5fae\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u7a2e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e4b\u8f15\u63a8\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f3c\u4e4e\u672a\u6709\u4e0d\u53ef\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u624b\u6bb5\u8207\u76ee\u7684\u9593\u5dee\u7570\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u537b\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\uff1a\u662f\u5426\u53ea\u8981\u80fd\u9054\u6210\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u624b\u6bb5\u90fd\u53ef\u88ab\u5141\u8a31\uff1f\u5018\u82e5\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u624b\u6bb5\u90fd\u53ef\u88ab\u5141\u8a31\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u4ee3\u8868\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u9650\u5236\uff1f\u800c\u300c\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u500b\u4eba\u8a8d\u77e5\u6216\u5fc3\u7406\u504f\u5dee\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u300d\u4f5c\u70ba\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u4f86\u9054\u6210\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53c8\u80fd\u5982\u4f55\u5283\u51fa\u6b64\u7a2e\u624b\u6bb5\u61c9\u6709\u7684\u9650\u5236\u7bc4\u570d\uff1f\u9019\u4e9b\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u5728\u63a1\u7528\u64cd\u5f04\u4f5c\u70ba\u624b\u6bb5\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6240\u5fc5\u9808\u56de\u61c9\u8207\u91d0\u6e05\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7db2\u8def\u64cd\u5f04\u5982Spencer\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u5df2\u5f9e\u7fa4\u9ad4\u884c\u70ba\u627e\u51fa\u500b\u4eba\u7279\u8cea\u4e4b\u64cd\u5f04\uff0c\u9081\u5165\u4ee5\u500b\u4eba\u81ea\u8eab\u884c\u70ba\u8cc7\u6599\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u9810\u6e2c\u6027\u5206\u6790\u4ee5\u53ca\u52d5\u614b\u60c5\u7dd2\u56de\u61c9\u7684\u6975\u5ea6\u500b\u4eba\u5316\u8a2d\u5b9a\uff0c\u5176\u5c0d\u500b\u4eba\u5f71\u97ff\u4e4b\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u5df2\u9060\u9060\u8d85\u904e\u7db2\u7d61\u6642\u4ee3\u524d\u7684\u884c\u92b7\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u5c0d\u500b\u4eba\u9020\u6210\u4e4b\u50b7\u5bb3\u9060\u6bd4\u5c0d\u500b\u4eba\u4e4b\u5229\u76ca\u4f86\u7684\u986f\u8457\u3002\u5c0d\u7db2\u8def\u64cd\u5f04\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u5728\u4e0d\u4e45\u7684\u5c07\u4f86\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c07\u52e2\u5fc5\u6210\u70ba\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005\u6240\u5fc5\u9808\u9762\u5c0d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8ab2\u984c\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n
\"\"
Image by muneebfarman<\/a> from Pixabay<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n

\u8cc7\u6599\u4f86\u6e90<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Shaun B. Spencer (2020) The Problem of Online Manipulation. University of Illinois Law Review, 2020, no.3, pp.959-1006.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

\u4f5c\u8005<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9867\u9577\u82b8\u3000\u4e2d\u592e\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u6240<\/a>
\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u611f\u8b1d\u300c\u8cc7\u6599\u5b89\u5168\u7814\u767c\u53ca\u4eba\u624d\u57f9\u80b2\u8a08\u756b\u300d\u652f\u6301<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

 \u9867\u9577\u82b8 2020\u5e7409\u670804\u65e5 Spencer\u65bc
[ Read More ]<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":4085,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[39,43],"tags":[164,55,128],"class_list":["post-4084","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","category-articles-books-reviews","tag-164","tag-55","tag-128","post-item clearfix"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4084","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4084"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4084\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4731,"href":"https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4084\/revisions\/4731"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/4085"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4084"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4084"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/infolaw.iias.sinica.edu.tw\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4084"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}